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arXiv 2011.04731hep-phastro-ph.COastro-ph.IMhep-ex
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作为大爆炸温度计的引力波

Gravitational Waves as a Big Bang Thermometer

Andreas Ringwald, Jan Schütte-Engel, Carlos Tamarit

备注：
51 pages, 13 figures; matches the version published in JCAP
发表信息：
JCAP 03 (2021) 054
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摘要：

在早期宇宙中，热等离子体中产生的随机引力波是有保证的背景。它的能量密度与原始等离子体在标准热大爆炸时代开始时达到的最高温度$T_{\rm max}$成比例。它在微波范围内达到峰值，在$80\,{\rm GHz}\,[106.75/g_{*s}(T_{\rm max})]^{1/3}$附近，其中$g_{*s}(T_{\rm max})$是原始等离子体中在$T_{\rm max}$处的熵自由度的有效数。我们提出了一个国家的最先进的预测宇宙引力微波背景（CGMB）的一般模型，并进行计算的情况下，标准模型（SM）以及它的几个扩展。在最小扩展方面，我们考虑了中微子最小模型（$ν$ MSM）和SM - Axion - Seesaw - Higgs门暴胀模型（SMASH），它们提供了一个完整的和一致的包括暴胀的宇宙学历史。作为SM的非最小扩展的一个例子，我们考虑最小超对称标准模型（MSSM）。此外，我们讨论了目前的上限和前景，在实验室实验中检测CGMB，从而测量的最高温度和有效自由度数在热大爆炸的开始。

英文摘要：

There is a guaranteed background of stochastic gravitational waves produced in the thermal plasma in the early universe. Its energy density per logarithmic frequency interval scales with the maximum temperature $T_{\rm max}$ which the primordial plasma attained at the beginning of the standard hot big bang era. It peaks in the microwave range, at around $80\,{\rm GHz}\,[106.75/g_{*s}(T_{\rm max})]^{1/3}$, where $g_{*s}(T_{\rm max})$ is the effective number of entropy degrees of freedom in the primordial plasma at $T_{\rm max}$. We present a state-of-the-art prediction of this Cosmic Gravitational Microwave Background (CGMB) for general models, and carry out calculations for the case of the Standard Model (SM) as well as for several of its extensions. On the side of minimal extensions we consider the Neutrino Minimal SM ($ν$MSM) and the SM - Axion - Seesaw - Higgs portal inflation model (SMASH), which provide a complete and consistent cosmological history including inflation. As an example of a non-minimal extension of the SM we consider the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Furthermore, we discuss the current upper limits and the prospects to detect the CGMB in laboratory experiments and thus measure the maximum temperature and the effective number of degrees of freedom at the beginning of the hot big bang.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。

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