从未分辨光变曲线发现强透镜类星体
Discovering Strongly-lensed QSOs From Unresolved Light Curves
摘要：
本文提出了一种利用自相关函数从光变曲线中发现星系尺度强透镜类星体系统的新方法。该方法是测试五个梯级的模拟光变曲线的时间延迟挑战1，旨在匹配光变曲线的质量从现有的，正在进行的，即将到来的时域调查，如中深调查的全景巡天望远镜和快速响应系统1，Zwicky瞬态设施，和鲁宾天文台遗产调查的空间和时间。在模拟的透镜系统中，时间延迟可以成功地测量目前最好的算法，我们的方法实现了一个整体的真阳性率为28- 58%的双重成像类星体（双打）和36- 60%的四倍成像类星体（quads），而保持$\lesssim$ 10%的假阳性率。我们也将该方法应用于22个已知强透镜类星体的光变曲线观测，并恢复了20%的双和25%的四倍。测试表明，我们的方法发现强透镜类星体从主要的时域调查的能力。我们的方法的性能可以进一步提高通过分析多过滤器的光变曲线和补充形态，颜色和/或天体测量的限制。更重要的是，我们的方法是特别有用的发现小分离强透镜类星体，补充传统的基于成像的方法。
英文摘要：
We present a new method of discovering galaxy-scale, strongly-lensed QSO systems from unresolved light curves using the autocorrelation function. The method is tested on five rungs of simulated light curves from the Time Delay Challenge 1 that were designed to match the light-curve qualities from existing, ongoing, and forthcoming time-domain surveys such as the Medium Deep Survey of the Panoramic Survey Telescope And Rapid Response System 1, the Zwicky Transient Facility, and the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time. Among simulated lens systems for which time delays can be successfully measured by current best algorithms, our method achieves an overall true positive rate of 28--58% for doubly-imaged QSOs (doubles) and 36--60% for quadruply-imaged QSOs (quads) while maintains $\lesssim$10% false positive rates. We also apply the method to observed light curves of 22 known strongly-lensed QSOs, and recover 20% of doubles and 25% of quads. The tests demonstrate the capability of our method for discovering strongly-lensed QSOs from major time domain surveys. The performance of our method can be further improved by analysing multi-filter light curves and supplementing with morphological, colour, and/or astrometric constraints. More importantly, our method is particularly useful for discovering small-separation strongly-lensed QSOs, complementary to traditional imaging-based methods.
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