This paper presents a study of the characteristics of transactional databases used in frequent itemset mining. Such characterizations have typically been used to benchmark and understand the data mining algorithms working on these databases. The aim of our study is to give a picture of how diverse and representative these benchmarking databases are, both in general but also in the context of particular empirical studies found in the literature. Our proposed list of metrics contains many of the existing metrics found in the literature, as well as new ones. Our study shows that our list of metrics is able to capture much of the datasets' inner complexity and thus provides a good basis for the characterization of transactional datasets. Finally, we provide a set of representative datasets based on our characterization that may be used as a benchmark safely.
This paper proposes three different data generators, tailored to transactional datasets, based on existing itemset-based generative models. All these generators are intuitive and easy to implement and show satisfactory performance. The quality of each generator is assessed by means of three different methods that capture how well the original dataset structure is preserved.
Frequent itemset mining is a popular data mining technique. Apriori, Eclat, and FP-Growth are among the most common algorithms for frequent itemset mining. Considerable research has been performed to compare the relative performance between these three algorithms, by evaluating the scalability of each algorithm as the dataset size increases. While scalability as data size increases is important, previous papers have not examined the performance impact of similarly sized datasets that contain different itemset characteristics. This paper explores the effects that two dataset characteristics can…
Traditional pattern mining algorithms generally suffer from a lack of flexibility. In this paper, we propose a SAT formulation of the problem to successfully mine frequent flexible sequences occurring in transactional datasets. Our SAT-based approach can easily be extended with extra constraints to address a broad range of pattern mining applications. To demonstrate this claim, we formulate and add several constraints, such as gap and span constraints, to our model in order to extract more specific patterns. We also use interactive solving to perform important derived tasks, such as closed pat…
Simula Research Laboratory（西穆拉研究实验室）；LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS（蒙彼利埃大学法国国家科学研究中心蒙彼利埃信息与机器人学实验室）
The problem of discovering frequent itemsets including rare ones has received a great deal of attention. The mining process needs to be flexible enough to extract frequent and rare regularities at once. On the other hand, it has recently been shown that constraint programming is a flexible way to tackle data mining tasks. In this paper, we propose a constraint programming approach for mining itemsets with multiple minimum supports. Our approach provides the user with the possibility to express any kind of constraints on the minimum item supports. An experimental analysis shows the practical ef…
Ramp: Fast Frequent Itemset Mining with Efficient Bit-Vector Projection Technique
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences（国家计算机与新兴科学大学）
基于位向量表示的频繁项集挖掘方法对于密集数据集是非常有效的，但对于稀疏数据集，由于缺乏有效的位向量投影技术，挖掘效率很低。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的有效的位向量投影技术，稀疏和密集的数据集。为了检验我们的位向量投影技术的效率，我们提出了一个新的频繁项集挖掘算法Ramp（Real Algorithm for Mining Patterns）。在基准数据集上将Ramp算法与目前最好的频繁项集挖掘算法（全频繁项集、最大频繁项集和闭频繁项集）进行了性能比较。在稀疏数据集和密集数据集上的不同实验结果表明，使用Ramp挖掘频繁项集的速度比目前最好的算法都要快，这表明了位向量投影思想的有效性。我们还提出了一个新的本地最大频繁项集传播和最大项集超集检查方法FastLMFI，建立在我们的PBR位向量投影技术。我们不同的计算实验表明，使用FastLMFI的项集最大值检查是快速和有效的比以前将已知的渐进聚焦方法。
Advances in data collection and data storage technologies have given way to the establishment of transactional databases among companies and organizations, as they allow enormous amounts of data to be stored efficiently. Useful knowledge can be mined from these data, which can be used in several ways depending on the nature of the data. Quite often companies and organizations are willing to share data for the sake of mutual benefit. However, the sharing of such data comes with risks, as problems with privacy may arise. Sensitive data, along with sensitive knowledge inferred from this data, mus…
In this paper we propose a R-step approximation to solve frequent itemset mining on quantum hardware like quantum annealing or QAOA. The idea is to search for the set of items where the minimal 2-item frequency is maximal. This can be represented as a maximum clique problem.
Mining frequent itemsets is an essential problem in data mining and plays an important role in many data mining applications. In recent years, some itemset representations based on node sets have been proposed, which have shown to be very efficient for mining frequent itemsets. In this paper, we propose DiffNodeset, a novel and more efficient itemset representation, for mining frequent itemsets. Based on the DiffNodeset structure, we present an efficient algorithm, named dFIN, to mining frequent itemsets. To achieve high efficiency, dFIN finds frequent itemsets using a set-enumeration tree wit…
The Apriori algorithm is a classical algorithm for the frequent itemset mining problem. A significant bottleneck in Apriori is the number of I/O operation involved, and the number of candidates it generates. We investigate the role of LSH techniques to overcome these problems, without adding much computational overhead. We propose randomized variations of Apriori that are based on asymmetric LSH defined over Hamming distance and Jaccard similarity.
In this paper, we propose an algorithm of searching for both positive and negative itemsets of interest which should be given at the first stage for positive and negative association rules mining. Traditional association rule mining algorithms extract positive association rules based on frequent itemsets, for which the frequent itemsets, i.e. only positive itemsets of interest are searched. Further, there are useful itemsets among the frequent itemsets pruned from the traditional algorithms to reduce the search space, for mining of negative association rules. Therefore, the traditional algorit…
University of Bejaia（贝贾亚大学）；MT Atlantique（大西洋矿业电信学院）
Constraint Programming is a powerful paradigm to model and solve combinatorial problems. While there are many kinds of constraints, the table constraint is perhaps the most significant-being the most well-studied and has the ability to encode any other constraints defined on finite variables. However, constraints can be very voluminous and their size can grow exponentially with their arity. To reduce space and the time complexity, researchers have focused on various forms of compression. In this paper we propose a new approach based on maximal frequent itemsets technique and area measure for e…
So far, most of association rule minings have considered about positive association rules based on frequent itemsets in databases[2,5-7], but they have not considered the problem of mining negative association rules correlated with frequent and infrequent itemsets. Negative association rule mining is much more difficult than positive association rule mining because it needs infrequent itemsets, and only the rare association rule mining which is a kind of negative association rule minings has been studied. This paper presents a mathematical model to mine positive and negative association rules …
Frequent Pattern Mining is a one field of the most significant topics in data mining. In recent years, many algorithms have been proposed for mining frequent itemsets. A new algorithm has been presented for mining frequent itemsets based on N-list data structure called Prepost algorithm. The Prepost algorithm is enhanced by implementing compact PPC-tree with the general tree. Prepost algorithm can only find a frequent itemsets with required (pre-order and post-order) for each node. In this chapter, we improved prepost algorithm based on Hadoop platform (HPrepost), proposed using the Mapreduce …
Mining frequent itemsets from a transaction database has emerged as a fundamental problem in data mining and committed itself as a building block for many pattern mining tasks. In this paper, we present a general technique to reduce support checking time in existing depth-first search generate-and-test schemes such as Eclat/dEclat and PrePost+. Our technique allows infrequent candidate itemsets to be detected early. The technique is based on an early-stopping criterion and is general enough to be applicable in many frequent itemset mining algorithms. We have applied the technique to two TID-li…
University of Oran 1（奥兰第一大学）；University of Montpellier（蒙彼利埃大学）；University of Caen（卡昂大学）
Discovering the set of closed frequent patterns is one of the fundamental problems in Data Mining. Recent Constraint Programming (CP) approaches for declarative itemset mining have proven their usefulness and flexibility. But the wide use of reified constraints in current CP approaches raises many difficulties to cope with high dimensional datasets. This paper proposes CLOSED PATTERN global constraint which does not require any reified constraints nor any extra variables to encode efficiently the Closed Frequent Pattern Mining (CFPM) constraint. CLOSED-PATTERN captures the particular semantics…
In this paper we present a new error bound on sampling algorithms for frequent itemsets mining. We show that the new bound is asymptotically tighter than the state-of-art bounds, i.e., given the chosen samples, for small enough error probability, the new error bound is roughly half of the existing bounds. Based on the new bound, we give a new approximation algorithm, which is much simpler compared to the existing approximation algorithms, but can also guarantee the worst approximation error with precomputed sample size. We also give an algorithm which can approximate the top-$k$ frequent items…
Data aggregation in the setting of local differential privacy (LDP) guarantees strong privacy by providing plausible deniability of sensitive data. Existing works on this issue mostly focused on discovering heavy hitters, leaving the task of frequent itemset mining (FIM) as an open problem. To the best of our knowledge, the-state-of-the-art LDP solution to FIM is the SVSM protocol proposed recently. The SVSM protocol is mainly based on the padding and sampling based frequency oracle (PSFO) protocol, and regarded an itemset as an independent item without considering the frequency consistency am…
Czech Technical University in Prague（布拉格捷克技术大学）；Institute of Computer Science（计算机科学研究所）
In the recent decade companies started collecting of large amount of data. Without a proper analyse, the data are usually useless. The field of analysing the data is called data mining. Unfortunately, the amount of data is quite large: the data do not fit into main memory and the processing time can become quite huge. Therefore, we need parallel data mining algorithms. One of the popular and important data mining algorithm is the algorithm for generation of so called frequent itemsets. The problem of mining of frequent itemsets can be explained on the following example: customers goes in a sto…
Quantum Computing and Data Processing for Frequent Itemset Mining
National Taiwan University（台湾大学）；National Chengchi University（国立政治大学）；Academia Sinica（中央研究院）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；University of Illinois Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）
Apriori Algorithm is one of the most important algorithm which is used to extract frequent itemsets from large database and get the association rule for discovering the knowledge. It basically requires two important things: minimum support and minimum confidence. First, we check whether the items are greater than or equal to the minimum support and we find the frequent itemsets respectively. Secondly, the minimum confidence constraint is used to form association rules. Based on this algorithm, this paper indicates the limitation of the original Apriori algorithm of wasting time and space for s…
Transactional frequent subgraph mining identifies frequent subgraphs in a collection of graphs. This research problem has wide applicability and increasingly requires higher scalability over single machine solutions to address the needs of Big Data use cases. We introduce DIMSpan, an advanced approach to frequent subgraph mining that utilizes the features provided by distributed in-memory dataflow systems such as Apache Spark or Apache Flink. It determines the complete set of frequent subgraphs from arbitrary string-labeled directed multigraphs as they occur in social, business and knowledge n…
It is generally well agreed that developing a unifying theory is one of the most important issues in Data Mining research. In the last two decades, a great deal of work has been devoted to the algorithmic aspects of the Frequent Itemset (FI) Mining problem. We are motivated by the need for formal modeling in the field. Thus, we introduce and analyze, in this theoretical study, a new model for the FI mining task. Indeed, we encode the itemsets as words over an ordered alphabet, and state this problem by a formal series over the counting semiring $(\mathbb{N},+,\times,0,1)$, whose range constitu…
Frequent itemset mining has emerged as a fundamental problem in data mining and plays an important role in many data mining tasks, such as association analysis, classification, etc. In the framework of frequent itemset mining, the results are itemsets that are frequent in the whole database. However, in some applications, such recommendation systems and social networks, people are more interested in finding out the items that occur with some user-specified itemsets (query itemsets) most frequently in a database. In this paper, we address the problem by proposing a new mining task named top-k c…
The challenges with respect to mining frequent items over data streaming engaging variable window size and low memory space are addressed in this research paper. To check the varying point of context change in streaming transaction we have developed a window structure which will be in two levels and supports in fixing the window size instantly and controls the heterogeneities and assures homogeneities among transactions added to the window. To minimize the memory utilization, computational cost and improve the process scalability, this design will allow fixing the coverage or support at window…
With the overwhelming amount of complex and heterogeneous data pouring from any-where, any-time, and any-device, there is undeniably an era of Big Data. The emergence of the Big Data as a disruptive technology for next generation of intelligent systems, has brought many issues of how to extract and make use of the knowledge obtained from the data within short times, limited budget and under high rates of data generation. Companies are recognizing that big data can be used to make more accurate predictions, and can be used to enhance the business with the help of appropriate association rule mi…
Inria（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Waikato（怀卡托大学）；Telecom Paris（巴黎电信学院）；Institut Polytechnique de Paris（巴黎理工学院）
The need to analyze information from streams arises in a variety of applications. One of its fundamental research directions is to mine sequential patterns over data streams. Current studies mine series of items based on the presence of the pattern in transactions but pay no attention to the series of itemsets and their multiple occurrences. The pattern over a window of itemsets stream and their multiple occurrences, however, provides additional capability to recognize the essential characteristics of the patterns and the inter-relationships among them that are unidentifiable by the existing p…
ALPINE is to our knowledge the first anytime algorithm to mine frequent itemsets and closed frequent itemsets. It guarantees that all itemsets with support exceeding the current checkpoint's support have been found before it proceeds further. Thus, it is very attractive for extremely long mining tasks with very high dimensional data (for example in genetics) because it can offer intermediate meaningful and complete results. This ANYTIME feature is the most important contribution of ALPINE, which is also fast but not necessarily the fastest algorithm around. Another critical advantage of ALPINE…
Traditional association rule mining based on the support-confidence framework provides the objective measure of the rules that are of interest to users. However, it does not reflect the utility of the rules. To extract non-redundant association rules in support-confidence framework frequent closed itemsets and their generators play an important role. To extract non-redundant association rules among high utility itemsets, high utility closed itemsets (HUCI) and their generators should be extracted in order to apply traditional support-confidence framework. However, no efficient method exists at…
