Primordial black holes could have been formed in the early universe from non linear cosmological perturbations re-entering the cosmological horizon when the Universe was still radiation dominated. Starting from the shape of the power spectrum on superhorizon scales, we provide a simple prescription, based on the results of numerical simulations, to compute the threshold $δ_c$ for primordial black hole formation. Our procedure takes into account both the non linearities between the Gaussian curvature perturbation and the density contrast and, for the first time in the literature, the non linear effects arising at horizon crossing, which increase the value of the threshold by about a factor two with respect to the one computed on superhorizon scales.
We argue that primordial gravitational waves have a spectral break and its information is quite useful for exploring the early universe. Indeed, such a spectral break can be a fingerprint of the end of inflation, and the amplitude and the frequency at the break can tell us the energy scale of inflation and the reheating temperature simultaneously. In order to investigate the spectral break, we give an analytic formula for evolution of the Hubble parameter around the end of inflation where the slow roll approximation breaks down. We also evaluate the spectrum of primordial gravitational waves a…
The study of the primordial black hole (PBH) gravitational collapse process requires the determination of a critical energy density perturbation threshold $δ_\mathrm{c}$, which depends on the equation of state of the universe at the time of PBH formation. Up to now, the majority of analytical and numerical techniques calculate $δ_\mathrm{c}$ by assuming a constant equation-of-state (EoS) parameter $w$ at the time of PBH formation. In this work, after generalizing the constant $w$ prescription of [1] for the computation of $δ_\mathrm{c}$ and commenting its limitations we give a first estimate f…
We present a method to implement relativistic corrections to the evolution of dark matter structures in Newtonian simulations of a LCDM universe via the initial conditions. We take the nonlinear correspondence between the Lagrangian (Newtonian) evolution of dark matter inhomogeneities and the synchronous-comoving (relativistic) matter density description, and use it to promote the relativistic constraint as the initial condition for numerical simulations of structure formation. In this case, the incorporation of Primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) contributions as initial conditions is straightfo…
The swallowed spike: the formation of light primordial black hole structures around heavy seeds
Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-Universitat de Valéncia（粒子物理研究所（IFIC），西班牙科学研究中心-巴伦西亚大学）；Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA, UC-CSIC)（坎塔布里亚物理研究所（IFCA，UC-CSIC））；Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa（比萨大学E.费米物理系）；INFN, Sezione di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所，比萨分部）
Primordial black holes might comprise a significant fraction of the dark matter in the Universe and be responsible for the gravitational wave signals from black hole mergers observed by the LIGO/Virgo collaboration. The spatial clustering of primordial black holes might affect their merger rates and have a significant impact on the constraints on their masses and abundances. We provide some analytical treatment of the primordial black hole spatial clustering evolution, compare our results with some of the existing N-body numerical simulations and discuss the implications for the black hole mer…
Working in an idealised framework in which a series of phases of evolution defined by the second slow-roll parameter $η$ are matched together, we calculate the reduced bispectrum, $f_{\rm NL}$, for models of inflation with a large peak in their primordial power spectra. We find $f_{\rm NL}$ is typically approximately constant over scales at which the peak is located, and provide an analytic approximation for this value. This allows us to identify the conditions under which $f_{\rm NL}$ is large enough to have a significant impact on the resulting production of primordial black holes (PBHs) and…
In this work, we have performed numerical simulations of primordial black hole (PBH) formation in the Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker universe filled by radiation fluid, introducing the local-type non-Gaussianity to the primordial curvature fluctuation. We have compared the numerical results from simulations with previous analytical estimations on the threshold value for PBH formation done in the previous paper arXiv:2109.00791, particularly for negative values of the non-linearity parameter $f_{\rm NL}$. Our numerical results show the existence of PBH formation of (the so-called) type I al…
A Bell experiment during inflation: probing quantum entanglement in tensor fluctuations through correlations of primordial scalar curvature perturbations
University of Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学）；Università degli Studi di Padova（帕多瓦大学）；INFN, Sezione di Padova（意大利国家核物理研究所帕多瓦分部）；INAF- Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；ICREA（加泰罗尼亚高级研究院）
In this work, we study the effect of a high-precision semianalytical mass function on the merger rate of primordial black holes (PBHs) in dark matter halos. For this purpose, we first explain a theoretical framework for dark matter halo models and introduce relevant quantities such as halo density profile, concentration parameter, and a high-precision semianalytical function namely Del Popolo (DP) mass function. In the following, we calculate the merger rate of PBHs in the framework of ellipsoidal-collapse dark matter halo models while considering the DP mass function, and compare it with our …
Imprint of primordial non-Gaussianity on dark matter halo profiles
利用Dalal { \it et al.}最近提出的半解析模型，研究了原始非高斯性对暗物质晕密度分布的影响.其将初始线性密度场的峰值与暗物质晕的最终密度分布相关联。具有原始非高斯性的模型通常会产生与高斯模型不同的初始密度场。我们利用偏移集理论的路径积分公式计算了非高斯密度场对峰形的修正，导出了非高斯密度场峰的统计特性。在晕轮廓的半解析模型的背景下，目前允许的原始非高斯性值将增加内部暗物质轮廓的形状，但只有在亚百分比水平，除了在最里面的区域。
Our universe seems to be radiation dominated at early times, and vacuum energy dominated at late times. When we consider the maximal analytic extension of this spacetime, its symmetries and complex analytic properties suggest a picture in which spacetime has two sheets, exchanged by an isometry which, in turn, picks a preferred (CPT-symmetric) vacuum state for quantum fields on the spacetime. Previously (arXiv:1803.08928, arXiv:1803.08930), we showed how this line of thought provides new explanations for dark matter, the matter-antimatter asymmetry, the absence of primordial vector and tensor …
Primordial Black Hole Abundances and Scalar Induced Gravitational Waves from Finite-Width Power Spectra in a Stiff Thermal History
Hunan Institute of Technology（湖南理工学院）；SGT University（SGT大学）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Hainan University（海南大学）；Tongji University（同济大学）；Institute for Advanced Study of Tongji University（同济大学高等研究院）；Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics（亚太理论物理中心）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Yangzhou University（扬州大学）
While large scale primordial non-Gaussianity is strongly constrained by present-day data, there are no such constraints at Mpc scales. Here we investigate the effect of significant small-scale primordial non-Gaussianity on structure formation and the galaxy formation process with collisionless simulations: specifically, we explore four different types of non-Gaussianities. All of these prescriptions lead to a distinct and potentially detectable feature in the matter power spectrum around the non-linear scale. The feature might have interesting consequences for the $S_8$ tension. We then show i…
Certain models of cosmic inflation produce strong cosmological perturbations at short length scales, which may later collapse into primordial black holes. To find the statistics of these strong perturbations and the ensuing black holes, it is necessary to go beyond linear perturbation theory. Stochastic inflation provides a way to take the leading non-linear effects into account. In this contribution, I discuss recent progress in numerical computations of stochastic inflation. A numerical approach can include more of the non-linearities than an analytical calculation, and can be applied to sin…
We simulate numerically the formation of spherically symmetric primordial black holes (PBHs) seeded by different families of primordial curvature perturbations profiles on a Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) Universe filled by radiation fluid. We have studied the dependency on the curvature profile of the initial mass $M_{\rm BH,i}$ of the PBHs at the time of apparent horizon formation $t_{AH}$, and the final mass $M_{\rm BH,f}$ after the accretion process, using an excision technique, comparing $M_{\rm BH,i}$ to previous analytical estimations obtained using compensated PBHs model approach. The…
It is believed that primordial black holes (PBHs), if they exist, can serve as a powerful tool to probe the early stage of the cosmic history. Essentially, in the radiation dominated universe, PBHs could form by the gravitational collapse of overdense primordial perturbations produced during inflation. In this picture, one important ingredient is the threshold of density contrast, which defines the onset of PBH formation. In the literature, most of the estimations of threshold, no matter numerically or analytically, are implemented in the framework of general relativity (GR). In this paper, by…
In this study, we investigate the consequence of the constant-roll condition and examine the role of $f(Q,T)$ gravity in the cosmological inflation process. We analyze the inflationary scenario by calculating modified Friedmann equations, and giving an alternative technique that enables relating modified slow-roll parameters to the constant roll parameter $β$. Considering both chaotic and hilltop models, we calculate the spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio and compare their compatibility with Planck's data for different choices of the constant roll parameter $β$. We examine the evolu…
Accurate $N$-body simulations with local Primordial non-Gaussianities: initial conditions and aliasing
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学）；Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental (CIAFF)（基础物理高级研究中心）；Instituto de Física Teorica UAM-CSIC（UAM-CSIC理论物理研究所）；Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)（高能物理研究所）；The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology（巴塞罗那科学技术研究院）；Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)（能源、环境和技术研究中心）；University of Vienna（维也纳大学）
We propose a simple analytic fit for the power spectrum of scalar (curvature) perturbations during inflation, in order to describe slow roll of inflaton and formation of primordial black holes in the early universe, in the framework of single-field models. Our fit is given by a sum of the power spectrum in the slow-roll approximation, needed for a viable description of the cosmic microwave background radiation in agreement with Planck/BICEP/Keck measurements, and the log-normal (Gaussian) fit for the power spectrum enhancement (peak) needed for efficient production of primordial black holes. W…
