Exclusive J/Psi and Psi(2s) photo-production as a probe of QCD low x evolution equations
Martin Hentschinski, Emilio Padron Molina
备注：
21 pages, 19 figures; revised description and additional discussion of instability of the fixed scale BFKL dipole; added references; version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D
We investigate photo-production of vector mesons J/Psi and Psi(2s), based on both HERA and LHC data, using 2 fits of unintegrated gluon distributions. The latter are subject to non-linear Balitsky-Kovchegov evolution (Kutak-Sapeta gluon; KS) and linear next-to-leading order Balitsky-Kuraev-Fadin-Lipatov evolution (Hentschinski-Sabio Vera-Salas; HSS gluon) respectively. Apart from extending previous studies to the case of radially excited charmonium Psi(2s), we further use an improved set of charmonium wave functions and provide an estimate of the uncertainties associated with the HSS gluon. While we observe that the difference between linear and non-linear evolution somehow diminishes and a clear distinction between both HSS and KS gluon is no longer possible using the currently available data-set, we find that the differences between both gluon distributions are enhanced for the ratio of the photo-production cross-sections of Psi(2s) and J/Psi vector mesons.
We report on a detailed investigation of exclusive J/psi production in proton--proton and proton-antiproton collisions. Predictions for Tevatron and LHC energies are included.
New, more precise data on diffractive J/psi photoproduction and on exclusive J/psi production in the process pp -> p + J/psi + p at the LHC allow a better constraint on the low-x gluon distribution in the domain of relatively low scales Q^2 ~ 2-6 GeV^2. We account for the `skewed' effect and for the real part of the amplitude, as well as for the absorptive corrections in the case of the exclusive process pp -> p + J/psi + p. The predictions for exclusive J/psi production at \sqrt{s}=8 and 14 TeV and for exclusive Upsilon(1S) production at 7, 8 and 14 TeV are also given. We present results at l…
The measurement of the exclusive light hadron decays of the psi'' in e+e- experiments with significant interference between the psi'' and non-resonance continuum amplitudes is discussed. The radiative correction and the Monte Carlo simulation are studied. A possible scheme to verify the destructive interference is proposed for the detectors with energy-momentum resolution of (1-2)%.
We briefly present the QCD based calculation of exclusive J/psi production via pomeron-odderon fusion in proton-antiproton collisions. For the Tevatron energy the differential cross section dsigma/dy(y=0) is estimated to be around 1 nb.
A nonperturbative calculation of elastic electroproduction of the J/psi meson is presented and compared to the experimental data. Our model describes well the observed dependences of the cross sections on the photon virtuality Q2 and on the energy, and the measured ratio R of longitudinal to transverse cross sections.
Phenomenological studies of odderon effects are shortly reviewed. Special emphasis is devoted to a recent study of the exclusive production of J/psi or Upsilon in pp and bar p p collisions, where the meson emerges from the pomeron--odderon and the pomeron--photon fusion.
We study the exclusive production of J/psi or Upsilon in pp and bar pp collisions, where the meson emerges from the pomeron--odderon and the pomeron--photon fusion. We estimate the cross sections for these processes for the kinematical conditions of the Tevatron and of the LHC.
Within a perturbative approach we investigate decays of charmonium states into baryon-antibaryon pairs. Using a recently proposed wave function for the nucleon and suitable generalizations of it to the hyperons and decouplet baryons, we obtain the decay widths for the baryon-antibaryon channels in reasonable agreement with data. An important difference to previous work is the use of the c-quark mass in the perturbative calculation instead of the charmonium mass. As a consequence of this feature our approach possesses, the J/Psi and the Psi' decay widths do not scale with a high power of the ra…
We study pp and p\bar p collisions which lead to the exclusive production of J/psi or Upsilon from the pomeron-odderon and the pomeron-photon fusion. We calculate scattering amplitudes of these processes in the lowest order approximation and in the framework of k_T factorization. We present estimates of cross sections for the kinematic conditions of the Tevatron and of the LHC.
Exclusive J/psi production, gamma* p -> J/psi p, offers a unique opportunity to determine the gluon density of the proton in the small x domain. We use the available HERA data to determine the gluon distribution in the region 10^{-4} <~ x <~ 10^{-2} and 2 <~ Q^2 <~ 10 GeV^2, where the uncertainty on the gluon extracted from the global parton analyses is large. The gluon density is found to be approximately flat at the lower scale; it is compared with those of recent global analyses.
We briefly present the motivation for studying the processes mediated by the QCD pomeron at high energy e+e- colliders. We describe the behaviour of the cross-section for the reaction gamma gamma to J/psi J/psi obtained from the BFKL equation with dominant non-leading corrections. We give the predictions for the rates of anti-tagged e+e- to e+e- J/psi J/psi events in TESLA and conclude that such reactions may be excellent probes of the hard pomeron.
We summarize what is known about the transverse spatial distribution of gluons in the nucleon and its x-dependence from exclusive J/psi photo/electroproduction in e-p fixed-target and collider experiments (HERA H1 and ZEUS). This information can be used to predict the impact parameter dependence of the cross section for certain hard QCD processes (dijet production) in pbar-p and p-p collisions at the Tevatron and LHC.
Exclusive J/Psi electroproduction is studied in the framework of the analytic S-matrix theory. The differential and integrated elastic cross sections are calculated using the Modified Dual Amplitude with Mandelstam Analyticity (M-DAMA) model. The model is applied to the description of the available experimantal data and proves to be valid in a wide region of the kinematical variables s, t and Q^2. Our amplitude can be used also as a universal background parametrization for the extraction of tiny resonance signals.
We calculate the leading-order perturbative contribution to $γp \to M_{V} p$, with $M_V$ being a $Φ$ or $J/Ψ$ meson, in the kinematic region of large energy and scattering angle.
In this contribution we report on the investigations of the exclusive production of J/psi and psi(2S) states in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus reactions at the LHC using the theoretical framework of light-cone dipole formalism.
The role of power corrections and higher Fock-state contributions to exclusive charmonium decays will be discussed. It will be argued that the J/Psi (Psi') decays into baryon-antibaryon pairs are dominated by the valence Fock-state contributions. P-wave charmonium decays, on the other hand, receive strong contributions from the c cbar g Fock states since the valence Fock-state contributions are suppressed in these reactions. Numerical results for J/Psi (Psi') --> B Bbar decay widths will be also presented and compared to data.
We discuss the potential to constrain the small-$x$ PDFs using the exclusive production of heavy vector mesons. The calculation of $J/ψ$ and $Υ$ photoproduction at NLO in collinear factorisation is described. The different behaviour of the NLO corrections for $J/ψ$ and $Υ$ is highlighted and we outline what might be expected from the inclusion of these processes in a PDF fit.
The role of higher Fock-state contributions to exclusive charmonium decays will be discussed. It will be argued that the J/Psi (Psi') decays into baryon-antibaryon pairs are dominated by the valence Fock-state contributions. P-wave charmonium decays, on the other hand, receive strong contributions from the c cbar g Fock states since the valence Fock-state contributions are suppressed in these reactions. Numerical results for the decay widths of J/Psi (Psi') into baryon-antibaryon and chi(J) into pairs of pseudoscalar mesons will be also presented and compared to data.
The cross section for exclusive psi(2S) ultraperipheral production at the LHC is calculated using gluon parametrisations extracted from exclusive J/psi measurements performed at HERA and the LHC. Predictions are given at leading and next-to-leading order for pp centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 14 TeV, assuming the non-relativistic approximation for the psi(2S) wave function.
Exclusive J/Ψphoto- and electroproduction is studied in the framework of the analytic S-matrix theory. The differential and integrated elastic cross sections are calculated using the Modified Dual Amplitude with Mandelstam Analyticity (M-DAMA) model. The model is applied to the description of the available experimantal data and proves to be valid in a wide region of the kinematical variables s, t, and Q^2. Our amplitude can be used also as a universal background parametrization for the extraction of tiny resonance signals.
The process of exclusive vector meson production (gamma gamma to J/psi rho^0) is studied for almost real photons. This process may be reduced to photoproduction of J/psi off the rho^0 meson. We discuss the possibility of extracting the gluon distribution of rho^0 and of the photon from such measurement. Predictions are also given for the reaction (e+e- to e+ e- J/psi rho^0) for various e+e- cms energies typical for LEP and for the future linear colliders.
In this work we investigate the exclusive photoproduction of J/psi and the radially excited psi(2S) state off nucleon in proton-proton collisions. The theoretical framework considered in the analysis is the light-cone dipole formalism and predictions are done for proton-proton collisions at the CERN-LHC energy of 7 TeV. The theoretical uncertainties are investigated and comparison is done to the recent LHCb Collaboration data for the exclusive charmonium production.
We investigate whether the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) low x evolution equation is capable to describe the energy dependence of the exclusive photo-production cross-section of vector mesons J/Psi and Upsilon on protons. Such cross-sections have been measured by both HERA experiments H1 and ZEUS in electron-proton collisions and by LHC experiments ALICE, CMS and LHCb in ultra-peripheral proton-proton and ultra-peripheral proton-lead collisions. Our approach provides a perturbative description of the rise with energy and relies only on a fit of the initial transverse momentum profile of…
The inclusive and exclusive B decays into the eta' meson plus others are investigated in a model based on the QCD anomaly. The invariant mass distribution is discussed. The constraint of the effective coupling is obtained from the data of the exclusive decay modes. The branching ratio of J/psi -> eta'eta gamma is predicted to be as large as 5.4*10^{-5}, which can be tested in the forthcoming CLEO-c experiments.
The exclusive production of pairs of vector mesons with J^{PC} = 1^{--} in e^+ e^- collisions can proceed through e^+ e^- annihilation into two virtual photons. At energies much greater than the meson masses, the cross section is dominated by the independent fragmentation of the virtual photons into the vector mesons. The fragmentation approximation is used to calculate the cross sections and angular distributions for pairs of vector mesons that can be produced at the B factories. The predicted cross sections for rho^0 + rho^0 and rho^0 + phi production agree with recent measurements by the Ba…
The predictions are presented for the diagonal and transition form factors of light hadrons in the time-like region up to the production threshold of an open charm quantum number. The comparison with existing data on the decays of J/psi and psi(2S) mesons into such hadrons shows that some new resonance structures may be present in the mass range between 2 GeV and the J/psi mass. Searching them may help in a better understanding of the mass spectrum in quark models, and in revealing the details of the three-gluon mechanism of the OZI rule breaking.
We analyze B -> K H_c (where H_c = eta_c, J/psi, chi_{cJ(J=0,1)}) decays estimating nonfactorizable contributions from the light-cone sum rules (LCSR). Nonfactorizable contributions are sizable for B -> K J/psi and particularly for B -> K chi_{c1} decay. For the B decays into a (pseudo)scalar charmonia we find small nonfactorizable contributions which cannot accommodate relatively large branching ratios obtained by measurements. This specially concerns the puzzling B -> K chi_{c0} decay.
We calculate the exclusive cross sections for e^+ e^- annihilation into two charmonium states through a virtual photon. Purely electromagnetic contributions are surprisingly large, changing the cross sections by as much as 21%. The predicted cross section for J/psi + eta_c is about an order of magnitude smaller than a recent measurement by the BELLE Collaboration, although part of the discrepancy can be attributed to large relativistic corrections. The cross sections for S-wave + P-wave, P-wave + P-wave, and S-wave + D-wave charmonium states are also calculated. It may be possible to discover …
As a test of the color-singlet mechanism of the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization approach, we consider the exclusive two-quarkonium productions in electron-positron annihilation e+ e- -> eta_c + gamma and e+ e- -> J/psi + J/psi at B factories. The cross sections are computed to the next-to-leading order in alpha_s and are resummed to all orders in half the relative velocity v of the charm quark in each meson rest frame. The available theoretical prediction of the cross section for e+ e- -> J/psi + eta_c at the same level of theoretical accuracies is consistent with the available exper…
We study exclusive nonleptonic and semileptonic decays of the Bc-meson within a relativistic constituent quark model previously developed by us. For the nonleptonic decays we use the factorizing approximation. We update our model parameters by using new experimental data for the mass and the lifetime of the Bc meson and the leptonic decay constants of the D-meson. We calculate the branching ratios for a large set of exclusive nonleptonic and semileptonic decays of the $B_c$ meson and compare our results with the results of other studies. As a guide for further experimental exploration we provi…
In this work we investigate the coherent photoproduction of psi(1S), psi(2S) and Upsilon (1S) states in the proton-nucleus collisions in the LHC energies. Predictions for the rapidity distributions are presented using the color dipole formalism and including saturation effects that are expected to be relevant at high energies. Calculations are done at the energy 5.02 TeV and also for the next LHC run at 8.8 TeV in proton-lead mode. Discussion is performed on the main theoretical uncertainties associated to the calculations.
Using a bound-state model of weakly bound gluons for glueballs made of two gluons and a natural generalization of the perturbative QCD formalism for exclusive hadronic processes, we present results for glueball production in radiative J/psi, Upsilon decays into several possible glueball states, including L \not= 0 ones. We perform a detailed phenomenological analysis, presenting results for the more favored experimental candidates and for decay angular distributions.
Recent measurements by the Belle Collaboration of the exclusive production of two charmonia in e^+ e^- annihilation differ substantially from theoretical predictions. We suggest that a significant part of the discrepancy can be explained by the process e^+ e^- -> J/psi + J/psi. Because the J/psi + J/psi production process can proceed through fragmentation of two virtual photons into two cc-bar pairs, its cross section may be larger than that for J/psi +eta_c by about a factor 1.8, in spite of a suppression factor alpha^2/alpha_s^2 that is associated with the QED and QCD coupling constants.
We calculate the contributions from QED processes involving two virtual photons to the cross sections for e^+ e^- annihilation into two charmonium states with the same C-parity. Generically, the cross sections are three orders of magnitude smaller than those for charmonia with opposite C-parity because they are suppressed by a factor of alpha^2/alpha_s^2. However, if both charmonia have quantum numbers J^{PC} = 1^{--}, then there is a contribution to the cross section that involves the fragmentation of each photon into a charmonium. The fragmentation contribution is enhanced by powers of E_{be…
We review the current theoretical situation with regard to the anomalously large cross section for exclusive J/psi + eta_c production in e^+ e^- annihilation, as measured by BELLE Collaboration.
We calculate the cross section for the exclusive production of J^{PC}=0^{++} glueballs G_0 in association with the J/psi in e^+e^- annihilation using the pQCD factorization formalism. The required long-distance matrix element for the glueball is bounded by CUSB data from a search for resonances in radiative Upsilon decay. The cross section for e^+e^- -> J/psi+ G_0 at sqrt{s}=10.6 GeV is similar to exclusive charmonium-pair production e^+e^- -> J/psi+h for h=eta_c and chi_{c0}, and is larger by a factor 2 than that for h=eta_{c}(2S). As the subprocesses gamma^* -> (c c-bar) (c c-bar) and gamma^…
We investigate the potentialities offered by the study of J/psi exclusive photo-production in ultra-peripheral collisions at a fixed-target experiment using the proton and lead LHC beams (generically denoted as AFTER@LHC) on hydrogen targets and at RHIC in the collider mode. We compare the expected counting rates in both set-ups. Studying Single-Transverse-Spin Asymmetries (A_N) in such a process provides a direct path to the proton Generalised Parton Distribution (GPD) E_g(x,xi,t). We evaluate the expected precision on A_N for realistic conditions with the LHCb detector in pH(pol) and PbH(pol…
We investigate two exclusive processes, e+ e- -> eta_c + gamma and e+ e- -> J/psi + J/psi, at the center-of-momentum energy sqrt{s}=10.58 GeV within the framework of the nonrelativistic QCD factorization approach. A class of relativistic corrections is resummed to all orders in the heavy-quark velocity v and the corrections are large negative. We further improve the prediction by including available QCD next-to-leading-order corrections and the interference between the QCD and relativistic corrections. The prediction for sigma[e+ e- -> eta_c + gamma] is about 50 fb. In the case of e+ e- -> J/p…
We have fully reconstructed decays of both B0 and B- Mesons into final states containing either D, D*, D**, Psi, Psi', or Chi_{c1} mesons. This allows us to obtain new results on many physics topics including branching ratios, tests of the factorization hypothesis, color suppression, resonant substructure, and the B- - B0 mass difference.
The discrepancy between theory and data in the momentum distribution of slow J/psi in B decays has been several times addressed as a puzzle. Using the most recent results on exclusive B decays into J/psi and heavy kaons or exotic mesons and reconsidering the non-relativistic-QCD calculation of the color octet fragmentation component, we show that an improvement in the comparison between data and theory can be obtained. There is still room for a better fit to data and this may imply that new exotic mesons of the XYZ kind have yet to be discovered.
In this work, we revise the conventional description of J/Psi(1S), Y(1S), Psi'(2S) and Y'(2S) elastic photo- and electroproduction off a nucleon target within the color dipole picture and carefully study various sources of theoretical uncertainties in calculations of the corresponding electroproduction cross sections. For this purpose, we test the corresponding predictions using a bulk of available dipole cross section parametrisations obtained from deep inelastic scattering data at HERA. Specifically, we provide the detailed analysis of the energy and hard-scale dependencies of quarkonia yiel…
We examine the so-called rho-pi puzzle of the psi(2S) decay by incorporating two inputs: One is the relative phase between the one-photon and the gluon decay amplitude, and the other is a possible anomaly in the inclusive nonelectromagnetic decay rate of psi(2S). We propose the possibility that in the psi(2S) decay a hadronic decay process of long distance origin is important in addition to the short-distance decay process. The amplitude of this additional process should nearly cancel the three-gluon amplitude in the exclusive psi(2S)---> 1-0- and turn the sum dominantly real in contrast to th…
The DELPHI Collaboration has recently reported the measurement of J/Psi production in photon-photon collisions at LEP II. These newly available data provide an additional proof of the importance of colored c bar{c} pairs for the production of charmonium because these data can only be explained by considering resolved photon processes. We show here that the inclusion of color octet contributions to the J/Psi production in the framework of the color evaporation model is able to reproduce this data. In particular, the transverse-momentum distribution of the J/Psi mesons is well described by this …
We calculate the cross section of J/psi plus prompt-photon inclusive production in gamma gamma collisions at next-to-leading order within the factorization formalism of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) focusing on direct photoproduction. Apart from direct J/psi production, we also include the feed-down from directly-produced chi_{cJ} and psi' mesons. We discuss the analytical calculation, in particular the treatment of the various types of singularities and the NRQCD operator renormalization, in some detail. We present theoretical predictions for the future e^+e^- linear collider…
The associated production of a J/psi and a photon in photon-hadron collisions is considered, and shown to be a good probe of the presence of colour-octet mediated channels in quarkonia production, as predicted by the factorization approach within NRQCD. Total and differential cross sections for photoproduction at fixed target experiments and at HERA are presented. Associated J/psi + gamma production at hadron colliders is briefly discussed.
Confinement indicates an asymptotic quark state not observable except its energy is zero. Unitarity indicates that the total probability of a definite state of quark system to transit to any final state is exactly one. This talk reviews some important conclusions/predictions from the basic properties like unitarity of the combination model, as addressed by the title. We also in the Postscript section address the bottom quark energy loss. In the discussions around the dinner table in the Rencontre, the author combined the large transverse momentum J/Psi suppression and the contribution to J/Psi…
This work investigates the exclusive photoproduction of $ψ(2S)$ meson off nuclei evaluating the coherent and the incoherent contributions. The theoretical framework used in the present analysis is the light-cone dipole formalism and predictions are done for PbPb collisions at the CERN-LHC energy of 2.76 TeV. A comparison is done to the recent ALICE Collaboration data for the $ψ(1S)$ state photoproduction.
Our approach to low-x deep inelastic scattering based on the ell-perp factorization of perturbative QCD (the color-dipole picture) yields parameter-free absolute predictions for J/Psi production. The connection of J/Psi production to the low-x saturation scale and to the gluon structure function is clarified.
J/Psi photoproduction is studied in the framework of the analytic S-matrix theory. The differential and integrated elastic cross sections for J/Psi photoproduction are calculated from a Dual Amplitude with Mandelstam Analyticity. It is argued that at low energies, the background, which is the low-energy equivalent of the high-energy diffraction replaces the Pomeron exchange. The onset of the high energy Pomeron dominance is estimated from the fits to the data.
Measurements by the Belle Collaboration of the cross section for inclusive J/psi production in e^+e^- annihilation have been a serious challenge to current heavy-quarkonium theory. Especially, the measured cross sections for exclusive J/psi+eta_c and inclusive J/psi+cc-bar+X differ from nonrelativistic QCD predictions by an order of magnitude. In order to check if other available alternative theory can resolve such a large discrepancy, we calculate the cross section for inclusive J/psi+cc-bar+X based on the color-evaporation model. As a phenomenological model, the color-evaporation model is st…
We study the Central Exclusive Production (CEP) of chi_cJ and eta_c mesons at RHIC in proton-proton collisions. We consider the chi_cJ --> J/psi + gamma decay channels and, recalling that the J_z=0 suppression of the J=1,2 states can be compensated by their larger branchings to J/psi + gamma, present predictions of rates and distributions for chi_c(0,1,2) production. Particular attention is paid to the impact of p_t cuts applied to the outgoing protons, which can influence the relative rates significantly. The distribution in the azimuthal angle difference between the outgoing protons and the …
We calculate the cross section of J/psi plus jet inclusive production in gamma gamma collisions at next-to-leading order within the factorization formalism of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) focusing on direct photoproduction. Apart from direct J/psi production, we also include the feed-down from directly-produced chi_{cJ} and psi' mesons. We discuss the analytical calculation, in particular the treatment of the various types of singularities and the NRQCD operator renormalization, in some detail. We present theoretical predictions for the future e^+e^- linear collider TESLA, ta…
We study J/psi photoproduction via the fusion and fragmentation mechanisms at the HERA Collider within the frameworks of the collinear parton model and the quasi-multi-Regge kinematics approach using the factorization formalism of non-relativistic QCD at leading order in the strong-coupling constant alpha_s and the relative velocity v of the bound quarks. It is shown that the fusion production mechanism dominates over the fragmentation production mechanism at the all relevant J/psi transverse momenta. The J/psi meson p_T-spectra in the fragmentation and fusion production at the asymptotically …
The modifications induced in the calculation of the cross section of the diffractive process gamma gamma -> J/Psi J/Psi when the gluon propagator is changed are analyzed. Instead of the usual perturbative gluon propagator, alternative forms obtained using non-perturbative methods like Dyson-Schwinger equations are used to consider in a more consistent way the contributions of the infrared region. The result shows a reduction in the differential cross-section for low momentum transfer once compared with the perturbative result, to be confirmed with future experimental results from TESLA.
We calculated, within the NRQCD factorization formalism, the leading color-octet contributions to psi production in photon-nucleon and electron-nucleon collisions. The expressions obtained depend on the NRQCD matrix elements <O^{psi}_8(^1S_0)> and <O^{psi}_8(^3P_J)>. These matrix elements can be determined by fitting to experimental data. The color-octet contribution to psi photoproduction is in the forward region of phase space, where there may be large corrections to the NRQCD result from higher twist terms. As to psi leptoproduction we point out that the theoretical uncertainties plaguing t…
One of the outstanding problems in J/ψphysics is a systematic understanding of the differential photo-production cross section dsigma/dz(gamma + p -> J/psi + X), where z= E_psi/E_gamma in the proton rest frame. The theoretical prediction based on the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization formalism has a color-octet contribution which grows rapidly in the endpoint region, z -> 1, spoiling perturbation theory. In addition there are subleading operators which are enhanced by powers of 1/(1-z) and they must be resummed to all orders. Here an update of a systematic analysis is presented. The a…
We study J/psi photoproduction via fragmentation at next-to-leading order in the QCD-improved parton model, using the nonrelativistic factorization formalism proposed by Bodwin, Braaten, and Lepage. We predict that measurements of J/psi photoproduction at DESY HERA should show a distinctive excess over the expectation based on the colour-singlet model at small values of the inelasticity variable z.
We calculate the cross sections of inclusive J/psi production in photoproduction and two-photon scattering, involving both direct and resolved photons, and in e^+e^- annihilation at next-to-leading order (NLO) within the factorization formalism of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD), including the full relativistic corrections due to the intermediate ^1S_0^{[8]}, ^3S_1^{[8]}, and ^3P_J^{[8]} color-octet (CO) states. Exploiting also our previous results on hadroproduction, we perform a combined fit of the respective CO long-distance matrix elements (LDMEs) to all available high-quali…
