In this report, we describe the submission of ShaneRun's team to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2020. We use ResNet-34 as encoder to extract the speaker embeddings, which is referenced from the open-source voxceleb-trainer. We also provide a simple method to implement optimum fusion using t-SNE normalized distance of testing utterance pairs instead of original negative Euclidean distance from the encoder. The final submitted system got 0.3098 minDCF and 5.076 % ERR for Fixed data track, which outperformed the baseline by 1.3 % minDCF and 2.2 % ERR respectively.
In this report, we discribe the submission of Tongji University undergraduate team to the CLOSE track of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2020 at Interspeech 2020. We applied the RSBU-CW module to the ResNet34 framework to improve the denoising ability of the network and better complete the speaker verification task in a complex environment.We trained two variants of ResNet,used score fusion and data-augmentation methods to improve the performance of the model. Our fusion of two selected systems for the CLOSE track achieves 0.2973 DCF and 4.9700\% EER on the challenge evalua…
Research in speaker recognition has recently seen significant progress due to the application of neural network models and the availability of new large-scale datasets. There has been a plethora of work in search for more powerful architectures or loss functions suitable for the task, but these works do not consider what information is learnt by the models, apart from being able to predict the given labels. In this work, we introduce an environment adversarial training framework in which the network can effectively learn speaker-discriminative and environment-invariant embeddings without expli…
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Naver Corporation（Naver公司）；SRI International（SRI国际）；MIT Lincoln Laboratory（麻省理工学院林肯实验室）
We held the second installment of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge in conjunction with Interspeech 2020. The goal of this challenge was to assess how well current speaker recognition technology is able to diarise and recognize speakers in unconstrained or `in the wild' data. It consisted of: (i) a publicly available speaker recognition and diarisation dataset from YouTube videos together with ground truth annotation and standardised evaluation software; and (ii) a virtual public challenge and workshop held at Interspeech 2020. This paper outlines the challenge, and describes the base…
We describe the Phonexia submission for the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021 (VoxSRC-21) in the unsupervised speaker verification track. Our solution was very similar to IDLab's winning submission for VoxSRC-20. An embedding extractor was bootstrapped using momentum contrastive learning, with input augmentations as the only source of supervision. This was followed by several iterations of clustering to assign pseudo-speaker labels that were then used for supervised embedding extractor training. Finally, a score fusion was done, by averaging the zt-normalized cosine scores of five di…
This paper summarises the findings from the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC-22), which was held in conjunction with INTERSPEECH 2022. The goal of this challenge was to evaluate how well state-of-the-art speaker recognition systems can diarise and recognise speakers from speech obtained "in the wild". The challenge consisted of: (i) the provision of publicly available speaker recognition and diarisation data from YouTube videos together with ground truth annotation and standardised evaluation software; and (ii) a public challenge and hybrid workshop held at INTERSPEECH 2022.…
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Naver Corporation（Naver公司）；SRI International（斯坦福国际研究院）；MIT Lincoln Laboratory（麻省理工学院林肯实验室）
The VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2019 aimed to assess how well current speaker recognition technology is able to identify speakers in unconstrained or `in the wild' data. It consisted of: (i) a publicly available speaker recognition dataset from YouTube videos together with ground truth annotation and standardised evaluation software; and (ii) a public challenge and workshop held at Interspeech 2019 in Graz, Austria. This paper outlines the challenge and provides its baselines, results and discussions.
This report describes the submission from Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC-20) at Interspeech 2020. The final submission is a combination of three systems. System-1 is an autoencoder based approach which tries to reconstruct similar i-vectors, whereas System-2 and -3 are Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based siamese architectures. The siamese networks have two and three branches, respectively, where each branch is a CNN encoder. The double-branch siamese performs binary classification using cross entropy loss during training. Wher…
This report describes the submission of the DKU-DukeECE-Lenovo team to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2021 track 4. Our system including a voice activity detection (VAD) model, a speaker embedding model, two clustering-based speaker diarization systems with different similarity measurements, two different overlapped speech detection (OSD) models, and a target-speaker voice activity detection (TS-VAD) model. Our final submission, consisting of 5 independent systems, achieves a DER of 5.07% on the challenge test set.
This report describes our submission to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) at Interspeech 2020. We perform a careful analysis of speaker recognition models based on the popular ResNet architecture, and train a number of variants using a range of loss functions. Our results show significant improvements over most existing works without the use of model ensemble or post-processing. We release the training code and pre-trained models as unofficial baselines for this year's challenge.
This report describes our submission to the track 1 and track 2 of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021 (VoxSRC 2021). Both track 1 and track 2 share the same speaker verification system, which only uses VoxCeleb2-dev as our training set. This report explores several parts, including data augmentation, network structures, domain-based large margin fine-tuning, and back-end refinement. Our system is a fusion of 9 models and achieves first place in these two tracks of VoxSRC 2021. The minDCF of our submission is 0.1034, and the corresponding EER is 1.8460%.
This paper describes the XMUSPEECH speaker recognition and diarisation systems for the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021. For track 2, we evaluate two systems including ResNet34-SE and ECAPA-TDNN. For track 4, an important part of our system is VAD module which greatly improves the performance. Our best submission on the track 4 obtained on the evaluation set DER 5.54% and JER 27.11%, while the performance on the development set is DER 2.92% and JER 20.84%.
Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture（北京建筑大学）
This paper describes the BUCEA speaker diarization system for the 2022 VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge. Voxsrc-22 provides the development set and test set of VoxConverse, and we mainly use the test set of VoxConverse for parameter adjustment. Our system consists of several modules, including speech activity detection (VAD), speaker embedding extractor, clustering methods, overlapping speech detection (OSD), and result fusion. Without considering overlap, the Dover-LAP (short for Diarization Output Voting Error Reduction) method was applied to system fusion, and overlapping speech detec…
In this report, we describe our submission to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2020. Two approaches are adopted. One is to apply query expansion on speaker verification, which shows significant progress compared to baseline in the study. Another is to use Kaldi extract x-vector and to combine its Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA) score with ResNet score.
In this report, we describe the submission of Tongji University team to the CLOSE track of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2020 at Interspeech 2020. We investigate different speaker recognition systems based on the popular ResNet-34 architecture, and train multiple variants via various loss functions. Both Offline and online data augmentation are introduced to improve the diversity of the training set, and score normalization with the exhaustive grid search is applied in the post-processing. Our best fusion of five selected systems for the CLOSE track achieves 0.2800 DCF an…
In this report, we describe the Beijing ZKJ-NPU team submission to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021 (VoxSRC-21). We participated in the fully supervised speaker verification track 1 and track 2. In the challenge, we explored various kinds of advanced neural network structures with different pooling layers and objective loss functions. In addition, we introduced the ResNet-DTCF, CoAtNet and PyConv networks to advance the performance of CNN-based speaker embedding model. Moreover, we applied embedding normalization and score normalization at the evaluation stage. By fusing 11 and …
This paper describes the ByteDance speaker diarization system for the fourth track of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021 (VoxSRC-21). The VoxSRC-21 provides both the dev set and test set of VoxConverse for use in validation and a standalone test set for evaluation. We first collect the duration and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of all audio and find that the distribution of the VoxConverse's test set and the VoxSRC-21's test set is more closer. Our system consists of voice active detection (VAD), speaker embedding extraction, spectral clustering followed by a re-clustering step base…
The third instalment of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge was held in conjunction with Interspeech 2021. The aim of this challenge was to assess how well current speaker recognition technology is able to diarise and recognise speakers in unconstrained or `in the wild' data. The challenge consisted of: (i) the provision of publicly available speaker recognition and diarisation data from YouTube videos together with ground truth annotation and standardised evaluation software; and (ii) a virtual public challenge and workshop held at Interspeech 2021. This paper outlines the challenge, a…
This paper describes the Microsoft speaker diarization system for monaural multi-talker recordings in the wild, evaluated at the diarization track of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge(VoxSRC) 2020. We will first explain our system design to address issues in handling real multi-talker recordings. We then present the details of the components, which include Res2Net-based speaker embedding extractor, conformer-based continuous speech separation with leakage filtering, and a modified DOVER (short for Diarization Output Voting Error Reduction) method for system fusion. We evaluate the sys…
This technical report describes the EML submission to the first VoxCeleb speaker diarization challenge. Although the aim of the challenge has been the offline processing of the signals, the submitted system is basically the EML online algorithm which decides about the speaker labels in runtime approximately every 1.2 sec. For the first phase of the challenge, only VoxCeleb2 dev dataset was used for training. The results on the provided VoxConverse dev set show much better accuracy in terms of both DER and JER compared to the offline baseline provided in the challenge. The real-time factor of t…
The objective of this paper is speaker recognition under noisy and unconstrained conditions. We make two key contributions. First, we introduce a very large-scale audio-visual speaker recognition dataset collected from open-source media. Using a fully automated pipeline, we curate VoxCeleb2 which contains over a million utterances from over 6,000 speakers. This is several times larger than any publicly available speaker recognition dataset. Second, we develop and compare Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and training strategies that can effectively recognise identities from voice under…
In this paper, we describe the top-scoring submissions for team RTZR VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC-22) in the closed dataset, speaker verification Track 1. The top performed system is a fusion of 7 models, which contains 3 different types of model architectures. We focus on training models to learn extra-temporal information. Therefore, all models were trained with 4-6 second frames for each utterance. Also, we apply the Large Margin Fine-tuning strategy which has shown good performance on the previous challenges for some of our fusion models. While the evaluation process…
Duke Kunshan University（昆山杜克大学）；Duke University（杜克大学）
This report describes the submission of the DKU-DukeECE team to the self-supervision speaker verification task of the 2021 VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC). Our method employs an iterative labeling framework to learn self-supervised speaker representation based on a deep neural network (DNN). The framework starts with training a self-supervision speaker embedding network by maximizing agreement between different segments within an utterance via a contrastive loss. Taking advantage of DNN's ability to learn from data with label noise, we propose to cluster the speaker embedding o…
This paper is the system description of the DKU-Tencent System for the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC22). In this challenge, we focus on track1 and track3. For track1, multiple backbone networks are adopted to extract frame-level features. Since track1 focus on the cross-age scenarios, we adopt the cross-age trials and perform QMF to calibrate score. The magnitude-based quality measures achieve a large improvement. For track3, the semi-supervised domain adaptation task, the pseudo label method is adopted to make domain adaptation. Considering the noise labels in clustering…
SAMOVAR, Telecom SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（巴黎高等电信学校，巴黎综合理工学院，SAMOVAR实验室）；Newsbridge（Newsbridge公司）
We describe the system used by our team for the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC 2022) in the speaker diarization track. Our solution was designed around a new combination of voice activity detection algorithms that uses the strengths of several systems. We introduce a novel multi stream approach with a decision protocol based on classifiers entropy. We called this method a multi-stream voice activity detection and used it with standard baseline diarization embeddings, clustering and resegmentation. With this work, we successfully demonstrated that using a strong baseline an…
Kriston AI Lab（克里斯顿人工智能实验室）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
This technical report describes our system for track 1, 2 and 4 of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC-22). By combining several ResNet variants, our submission for track 1 attained a minDCF of 0:090 with EER 1:401%. By further incorporating three fine-tuned pre-trained models, our submission for track 2 achieved a minDCF of 0:072 with EER 1:119%. For track 4, our system consisted of voice activity detection (VAD), speaker embedding extraction, agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) followed by a re-clustering step based on a Bayesian hidden Markov model and overlapped…
This report describes the systems submitted to the first and second tracks of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2020, which ranked second in both tracks. Three key points of the system pipeline are explored: (1) investigating multiple CNN architectures including ResNet, Res2Net and dual path network (DPN) to extract the x-vectors, (2) using a composite angular margin softmax loss to train the speaker models, and (3) applying score normalization and system fusion to boost the performance. Measured on the VoxSRC-20 Eval set, the best submitted systems achieve an EER of $3.808\%…
In this technical report we describe the IDLAB top-scoring submissions for the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2020 (VoxSRC-20) in the supervised and unsupervised speaker verification tracks. For the supervised verification tracks we trained 6 state-of-the-art ECAPA-TDNN systems and 4 Resnet34 based systems with architectural variations. On all models we apply a large margin fine-tuning strategy, which enables the training procedure to use higher margin penalties by using longer training utterances. In addition, we use quality-aware score calibration which introduces quality metrics in …
University of Eastern Finland（东芬兰大学）；School of Computing（计算机学院）
Modern automatic speaker verification (ASV) relies heavily on machine learning implemented through deep neural networks. It can be difficult to interpret the output of these black boxes. In line with interpretative machine learning, we model the dependency of ASV detection score upon acoustic mismatch of the enrollment and test utterances. We aim to identify mismatch factors that explain target speaker misses (false rejections). We use distance in the first- and second-order statistics of selected acoustic features as the predictors in a linear mixed effects model, while a standard Kaldi x-vec…
Brno University of Technology（布尔诺理工大学）；IT4I Center of Excellence（IT4I卓越中心）
In this report, we describe the submission of Brno University of Technology (BUT) team to the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge (VoxSRC) 2019. We also provide a brief analysis of different systems on VoxCeleb-1 test sets. Submitted systems for both Fixed and Open conditions are a fusion of 4 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) topologies. The first and second networks have ResNet34 topology and use two-dimensional CNNs. The last two networks are one-dimensional CNN and are based on the x-vector extraction topology. Some of the networks are fine-tuned using additive margin angular softmax. …
Large datasets are very useful for training speaker recognition systems, and various research groups have constructed several over the years. Voxceleb is a large dataset for speaker recognition that is extracted from Youtube videos. This paper presents an audio-visual method for acquiring audio data from Youtube given the speaker's name as input. The system follows a pipeline similar to that of the Voxceleb data acquisition method. However, our work focuses on fast data acquisition by using face-tracking in subsequent frames once a face has been detected -- this is preferable over face detecti…
This technical report describes the IDLab submission for track 1 and 2 of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021 (VoxSRC-21). This speaker verification competition focuses on short duration test recordings and cross-lingual trials. Currently, both Time Delay Neural Networks (TDNNs) and ResNets achieve state-of-the-art results in speaker verification. We opt to use a system fusion of hybrid architectures in our final submission. An ECAPA-TDNN baseline is enhanced with a 2D convolutional stem to transfer some of the strong characteristics of a ResNet based model to this hybrid CNN-TDNN …
Hithink RoyalFlush AI Research Institute（华创同花顺人工智能研究院）
In this technical report, we describe the Royalflush submissions for the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC-22). Our submissions contain track 1, which is for supervised speaker verification and track 3, which is for semi-supervised speaker verification. For track 1, we develop a powerful U-Net-based speaker embedding extractor with a symmetric architecture. The proposed system achieves 2.06% in EER and 0.1293 in MinDCF on the validation set. Compared with the state-of-the-art ECAPA-TDNN, it obtains a relative improvement of 20.7% in EER and 22.70% in MinDCF. For track 3, we e…
This report describes the SJTU-AISPEECH system for the Voxceleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022. For track1, we implemented two kinds of systems, the online system and the offline system. Different ResNet-based backbones and loss functions are explored. Our final fusion system achieved 3rd place in track1. For track3, we implemented statistic adaptation and jointly training based domain adaptation. In the jointly training based domain adaptation, we jointly trained the source and target domain dataset with different training objectives to do the domain adaptation. We explored two different …
University of Eastern Finland（东芬兰大学）；Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca（米兰比可卡大学）
VoxCeleb datasets are widely used in speaker recognition studies. Our work serves two purposes. First, we provide speaker age labels and (an alternative) annotation of speaker gender. Second, we demonstrate the use of this metadata by constructing age and gender recognition models with different features and classifiers. We query different celebrity databases and apply consensus rules to derive age and gender labels. We also compare the original VoxCeleb gender labels with our labels to identify records that might be mislabeled in the original VoxCeleb data. On modeling side, we design a compr…
In this report, we describe our submitted system for track 2 of the VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2022 (VoxSRC-22). We fuse a variety of good-performing models ranging from supervised models to self-supervised learning(SSL) pre-trained models. The supervised models, trained using VoxCeleb-2 dev data, consist of ECAPA-TDNN and Res2Net in a very deep structure. The SSL pre-trained models, wav2vec and wavLM, are trained using large scale unlabeled speech data up to million hours. These models are cascaded with ECAPA-TDNN and further fine-tuned in a supervised fashion to extract the speak…
One of the most important parts of an end-to-end speaker verification system is the speaker embedding generation. In our previous paper, we reported that shortcut connections-based multi-layer aggregation improves the representational power of the speaker embedding. However, the number of model parameters is relatively large and the unspecified variations increase in the multi-layer aggregation. Therefore, we propose a self-attentive multi-layer aggregation with feature recalibration and normalization for end-to-end speaker verification system. To reduce the number of model parameters, the Res…
Most existing datasets for speaker identification contain samples obtained under quite constrained conditions, and are usually hand-annotated, hence limited in size. The goal of this paper is to generate a large scale text-independent speaker identification dataset collected 'in the wild'. We make two contributions. First, we propose a fully automated pipeline based on computer vision techniques to create the dataset from open-source media. Our pipeline involves obtaining videos from YouTube; performing active speaker verification using a two-stream synchronization Convolutional Neural Network…
University of Eastern Finland（东芬兰大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Inria（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）
Modern automatic speaker verification relies largely on deep neural networks (DNNs) trained on mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) features. While there are alternative feature extraction methods based on phase, prosody and long-term temporal operations, they have not been extensively studied with DNN-based methods. We aim to fill this gap by providing extensive re-assessment of 14 feature extractors on VoxCeleb and SITW datasets. Our findings reveal that features equipped with techniques such as spectral centroids, group delay function, and integrated noise suppression provide promising…
The use of channel-wise attention in CNN based speaker representation networks has achieved remarkable performance in speaker verification (SV). But these approaches do simple averaging on time and frequency feature maps before channel-wise attention learning and ignore the essential mutual interaction among temporal, channel as well as frequency scales. To address this problem, we propose the Duality Temporal-Channel-Frequency (DTCF) attention to re-calibrate the channel-wise features with aggregation of global context on temporal and frequency dimensions. Specifically, the duality attention …
The speech representations learned from large-scale unlabeled data have shown better generalizability than those from supervised learning and thus attract a lot of interest to be applied for various downstream tasks. In this paper, we explore the limits of speech representations learned by different self-supervised objectives and datasets for automatic speaker verification (ASV), especially with a well-recognized SOTA ASV model, ECAPA-TDNN [1], as a downstream model. The representations from all hidden layers of the pre-trained model are firstly averaged with learnable weights and then fed int…
Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学语言技术研究中心）
Previous work has encouraged domain-invariance in deep speaker embedding by adversarially classifying the dataset or labelled environment to which the generated features belong. We propose a training strategy which aims to produce features that are invariant at the granularity of the recording or channel, a finer grained objective than dataset- or environment-invariance. By training an adversary to predict whether pairs of same-speaker embeddings belong to the same recording in a Siamese fashion, learned features are discouraged from utilizing channel information that may be speaker discrimina…
In recent years, speaker verification has primarily performed using deep neural networks that are trained to output embeddings from input features such as spectrograms or Mel-filterbank energies. Studies that design various loss functions, including metric learning have been widely explored. In this study, we propose two end-to-end loss functions for speaker verification using the concept of speaker bases, which are trainable parameters. One loss function is designed to further increase the inter-speaker variation, and the other is designed to conduct the identical concept with hard negative m…
Unsupervised representation learning has shown remarkable achievement by reducing the performance gap with supervised feature learning, especially in the image domain. In this study, to extend the technique of unsupervised learning to the speech domain, we propose the Momentum Contrast for VoxCeleb (MoCoVox) as a form of learning mechanism. We pre-trained the MoCoVox on the VoxCeleb1 by implementing instance discrimination. Applying MoCoVox for speaker verification revealed that it outperforms the state-of-the-art metric learning-based approach by a large margin. We also empirically demonstrat…
Automatic speaker verification has achieved remarkable progress in recent years. However, there is little research on cross-age speaker verification (CASV) due to insufficient relevant data. In this paper, we mine cross-age test sets based on the VoxCeleb dataset and propose our age-invariant speaker representation(AISR) learning method. Since the VoxCeleb is collected from the YouTube platform, the dataset consists of cross-age data inherently. However, the meta-data does not contain the speaker age label. Therefore, we adopt the face age estimation method to predict the speaker age value fro…
The University of Texas at Dallas（德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校）；Microsoft Corporation（微软公司）
Recently, Transformer-based architectures have been explored for speaker embedding extraction. Although the Transformer employs the self-attention mechanism to efficiently model the global interaction between token embeddings, it is inadequate for capturing short-range local context, which is essential for the accurate extraction of speaker information. In this study, we enhance the Transformer with the enhanced locality modeling in two directions. First, we propose the Locality-Enhanced Conformer (LE-Confomer) by introducing depth-wise convolution and channel-wise attention into the Conformer…
Many recent works on deep speaker embeddings train their feature extraction networks on large classification tasks, distinguishing between all speakers in a training set. Empirically, this has been shown to produce speaker-discriminative embeddings, even for unseen speakers. However, it is not clear that this is the optimal means of training embeddings that generalize well. This work proposes two approaches to learning embeddings, based on the notion of dropping classes during training. We demonstrate that both approaches can yield performance gains in speaker verification tasks. The first pro…
In this paper, a novel architecture for speaker recognition is proposed by cascading speech enhancement and speaker processing. Its aim is to improve speaker recognition performance when speech signals are corrupted by noise. Instead of individually processing speech enhancement and speaker recognition, the two modules are integrated into one framework by a joint optimisation using deep neural networks. Furthermore, to increase robustness against noise, a multi-stage attention mechanism is employed to highlight the speaker related features learned from context information in time and frequency…
Majority of the recent approaches for text-independent speaker recognition apply attention or similar techniques for aggregation of frame-level feature descriptors generated by a deep neural network (DNN) front-end. In this paper, we propose methods of convolutional attention for independently modelling temporal and frequency information in a convolutional neural network (CNN) based front-end. Our system utilizes convolutional block attention modules (CBAMs) [1] appropriately modified to accommodate spectrogram inputs. The proposed CNN front-end fitted with the proposed convolutional attention…
This paper describes the multi-query multi-head attention (MQMHA) pooling and inter-topK penalty methods which were first proposed in our submitted system description for VoxCeleb speaker recognition challenge (VoxSRC) 2021. Most multi-head attention pooling mechanisms either attend to the whole feature through multiple heads or attend to several split parts of the whole feature. Our proposed MQMHA combines both these two mechanisms and gain more diversified information. The margin-based softmax loss functions are commonly adopted to obtain discriminative speaker representations. To further en…
