Commonsense knowledge (CSK) about concepts and their properties is useful for AI applications such as robust chatbots. Prior works like ConceptNet, TupleKB and others compiled large CSK collections, but are restricted in their expressiveness to subject-predicate-object (SPO) triples with simple concepts for S and monolithic strings for P and O. Also, these projects have either prioritized precision or recall, but hardly reconcile these complementary goals. This paper presents a methodology, called Ascent, to automatically build a large-scale knowledge base (KB) of CSK assertions, with advanced expressiveness and both better precision and recall than prior works. Ascent goes beyond triples by capturing composite concepts with subgroups and aspects, and by refining assertions with semantic facets. The latter are important to express temporal and spatial validity of assertions and further qualifiers. Ascent combines open information extraction with judicious cleaning using language models. Intrinsic evaluation shows the superior size and quality of the Ascent KB, and an extrinsic evaluation for QA-support tasks underlines the benefits of Ascent. A web interface, data and code can be found at https://ascent.mpi-inf.mpg.de/.
Question: I have five fingers but I am not alive. What am I? Answer: a glove. Answering such a riddle-style question is a challenging cognitive process, in that it requires complex commonsense reasoning abilities, an understanding of figurative language, and counterfactual reasoning skills, which are all important abilities for advanced natural language understanding (NLU). However, there are currently no dedicated datasets aiming to test these abilities. Herein, we present RiddleSense, a new multiple-choice question answering task, which comes with the first large dataset (5.7k examples) for …
Textual patterns (e.g., Country's president Person) are specified and/or generated for extracting factual information from unstructured data. Pattern-based information extraction methods have been recognized for their efficiency and transferability. However, not every pattern is reliable: A major challenge is to derive the most complete and accurate facts from diverse and sometimes conflicting extractions. In this work, we propose a probabilistic graphical model which formulates fact extraction in a generative process. It automatically infers true facts and pattern reliability without any supe…
Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Hanshin University（韩神大学）
Recently, pre-trained language representation models such as bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) have been performing well in commonsense question answering (CSQA). However, there is a problem that the models do not directly use explicit information of knowledge sources existing outside. To augment this, additional methods such as knowledge-aware graph network (KagNet) and multi-hop graph relation network (MHGRN) have been proposed. In this study, we propose to use the latest pre-trained language model a lite bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (A…
Without labeled question-answer pairs for necessary training, unsupervised commonsense question-answering (QA) appears to be extremely challenging due to its indispensable unique prerequisite on commonsense source like knowledge bases (KBs), which are usually highly resource consuming in construction. Recently pre-trained language models (PLMs) show effectiveness as an alternative for commonsense clues when they play a role of knowledge generator. However, existing work either relies on large-scale in-domain or out-of-domain labeled data, or fails to generate knowledge of high quality in a gen…
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）
It is prevalent to utilize external knowledge to help machine answer questions that need background commonsense, which faces a problem that unlimited knowledge will transmit noisy and misleading information. Towards the issue of introducing related knowledge, we propose a semantic-driven knowledge-aware QA framework, which controls the knowledge injection in a coarse-to-careful fashion. We devise a tailoring strategy to filter extracted knowledge under monitoring of the coarse semantic of question on the knowledge extraction stage. And we develop a semantic-aware knowledge fetching module that…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Telecom SudParis（南巴黎电信学院）
Commonsense knowledge (CSK) about concepts and their properties is helpful for AI applications. Prior works, such as ConceptNet, have compiled large CSK collections. However, they are restricted in their expressiveness to subject-predicate-object (SPO) triples with simple concepts for S and strings for P and O. This paper presents a method called ASCENT++ to automatically build a large-scale knowledge base (KB) of CSK assertions, with refined expressiveness and both better precision and recall than prior works. ASCENT++ goes beyond SPO triples by capturing composite concepts with subgroups and…
Review comprehension has played an increasingly important role in improving the quality of online services and products and commonsense knowledge can further enhance review comprehension. However, existing general-purpose commonsense knowledge bases lack sufficient coverage and precision to meaningfully improve the comprehension of domain-specific reviews. In this paper, we introduce xSense, an effective system for review comprehension using domain-specific commonsense knowledge bases (xSense KBs). We show that xSense KBs can be constructed inexpensively and present a knowledge distillation me…
Department of Computer Science and Engineering（计算机科学与工程系）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
LocatedNear relation is a kind of commonsense knowledge describing two physical objects that are typically found near each other in real life. In this paper, we study how to automatically extract such relationship through a sentence-level relation classifier and aggregating the scores of entity pairs from a large corpus. Also, we release two benchmark datasets for evaluation and future research.
Commonsense question answering (CQA) aims to test if models can answer questions regarding commonsense knowledge that everyone knows. Prior works that incorporate external knowledge bases have shown promising results, but knowledge bases are expensive to construct and are often limited to a fixed set of relations. In this paper, we instead focus on better utilizing the \textit{implicit knowledge} stored in pre-trained language models. While researchers have found that the knowledge embedded in pre-trained language models can be extracted by having them fill in the blanks of carefully designed …
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Information Sciences Institute（信息科学研究所）
Learning causal and temporal relationships between events is an important step towards deeper story and commonsense understanding. Though there are abundant datasets annotated with event relations for story comprehension, many have no empirical results associated with them. In this work, we establish strong baselines for event temporal relation extraction on two under-explored story narrative datasets: Richer Event Description (RED) and Causal and Temporal Relation Scheme (CaTeRS). To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results reported on these two datasets. We demonstrate that neu…
Document-level relation extraction (RE) aims to identify the relations between entities throughout an entire document. It needs complex reasoning skills to synthesize various knowledge such as coreferences and commonsense. Large-scale knowledge graphs (KGs) contain a wealth of real-world facts, and can provide valuable knowledge to document-level RE. In this paper, we propose an entity knowledge injection framework to enhance current document-level RE models. Specifically, we introduce coreference distillation to inject coreference knowledge, endowing an RE model with the more general capabili…
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)（巴斯克大学（UPV/EHU））
We describe a detailed analysis of a sample of large benchmark of commonsense reasoning problems that has been automatically obtained from WordNet, SUMO and their mapping. The objective is to provide a better assessment of the quality of both the benchmark and the involved knowledge resources for advanced commonsense reasoning tasks. By means of this analysis, we are able to detect some knowledge misalignments, mapping errors and lack of knowledge and resources. Our final objective is the extraction of some guidelines towards a better exploitation of this commonsense knowledge framework by the…
Distant supervision (DS) aims to generate large-scale heuristic labeling corpus, which is widely used for neural relation extraction currently. However, it heavily suffers from noisy labeling and long-tail distributions problem. Many advanced approaches usually separately address two problems, which ignore their mutual interactions. In this paper, we propose a novel framework named RH-Net, which utilizes Reinforcement learning and Hierarchical relational searching module to improve relation extraction. We leverage reinforcement learning to instruct the model to select high-quality instances. W…
Télécom SudParis（南巴黎电信学院）；Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）
Compiling comprehensive repositories of commonsense knowledge is a long-standing problem in AI. Many concerns revolve around the issue of reporting bias, i.e., that frequency in text sources is not a good proxy for relevance or truth. This paper explores whether children's texts hold the key to commonsense knowledge compilation, based on the hypothesis that such content makes fewer assumptions on the reader's knowledge, and therefore spells out commonsense more explicitly. An analysis with several corpora shows that children's texts indeed contain much more, and more typical commonsense assert…
L3S Research Center（L3S研究中心）；Leibniz Universität Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）
Recent work has utilised knowledge-aware approaches to natural language understanding, question answering, recommendation systems, and other tasks. These approaches rely on well-constructed and large-scale knowledge graphs that can be useful for many downstream applications and empower knowledge-aware models with commonsense reasoning. Such knowledge graphs are constructed through knowledge acquisition tasks such as relation extraction and knowledge graph completion. This work seeks to utilise and build on the growing body of work that uses findings from the field of natural language processin…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）
Compiling commonsense knowledge is traditionally an AI topic approached by manual labor. Recent advances in web data processing have enabled automated approaches. In this demonstration we will showcase three systems for automated commonsense knowledge base construction, highlighting each time one aspect of specific interest to the data management community. (i) We use Quasimodo to illustrate knowledge extraction systems engineering, (ii) Dice to illustrate the role that schema constraints play in cleaning fuzzy commonsense knowledge, and (iii) Ascent to illustrate the relevance of conceptual m…
Fin-Ally: Pioneering the Development of an Advanced, Commonsense-Embedded Conversational AI for Money Matters
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India（计算机科学与工程系，印度理工学院帕纳布分校）；School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Thailand（信息科技学院，拉差班国王技术学院）；CRISIL Limited, India（CRISIL有限公司）
Korea University（高丽大学）；AIRS Company, Hyundai Motor Group（现代汽车集团AIRS公司）；AIGEN Sciences（AIGEN科学公司）
In biomedical natural language processing, named entity recognition (NER) and named entity normalization (NEN) are key tasks that enable the automatic extraction of biomedical entities (e.g. diseases and drugs) from the ever-growing biomedical literature. In this article, we present BERN2 (Advanced Biomedical Entity Recognition and Normalization), a tool that improves the previous neural network-based NER tool by employing a multi-task NER model and neural network-based NEN models to achieve much faster and more accurate inference. We hope that our tool can help annotate large-scale biomedical…
Event extraction (EE) is crucial to downstream tasks such as new aggregation and event knowledge graph construction. Most existing EE datasets manually define fixed event types and design specific schema for each of them, failing to cover diverse events emerging from the online text. Moreover, news titles, an important source of event mentions, have not gained enough attention in current EE research. In this paper, We present Title2Event, a large-scale sentence-level dataset benchmarking Open Event Extraction without restricting event types. Title2Event contains more than 42,000 news titles in…
The Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) is a test of machine intelligence, designed to be an improvement on the Turing test. A Winograd Schema consists of a sentence and a corresponding question. To successfully answer these questions, one requires the use of commonsense knowledge and reasoning. This work focuses on extracting common sense knowledge which can be used to generate answers for the Winograd schema challenge. Common sense knowledge is extracted based on events (or actions) and their participants; called Event-Based Conditional Commonsense (ECC). I propose an approach using Narrative Ev…
We introduce an advanced information extraction pipeline to automatically process very large collections of unstructured textual data for the purpose of investigative journalism. The pipeline serves as a new input processor for the upcoming major release of our New/s/leak 2.0 software, which we develop in cooperation with a large German news organization. The use case is that journalists receive a large collection of files up to several Gigabytes containing unknown contents. Collections may originate either from official disclosures of documents, e.g. Freedom of Information Act requests, or un…
University of California, San Diego（加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；National Taiwan University（国立台湾大学）
Temporal information extraction plays a critical role in natural language understanding. Previous systems have incorporated advanced neural language models and have successfully enhanced the accuracy of temporal information extraction tasks. However, these systems have two major shortcomings. First, they fail to make use of the two-sided nature of temporal relations in prediction. Second, they involve non-parallelizable pipelines in inference process that bring little performance gain. To this end, we propose a novel temporal information extraction model based on deep biaffine attention to ext…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；University of Hamburg（汉堡大学）；Tencent（腾讯）
Large-scale commonsense knowledge bases empower a broad range of AI applications, where the automatic extraction of commonsense knowledge (CKE) is a fundamental and challenging problem. CKE from text is known for suffering from the inherent sparsity and reporting bias of commonsense in text. Visual perception, on the other hand, contains rich commonsense knowledge about real-world entities, e.g., (person, can_hold, bottle), which can serve as promising sources for acquiring grounded commonsense knowledge. In this work, we present CLEVER, which formulates CKE as a distantly supervised multi-ins…
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）
In this paper we propose the construction of linguistic descriptions of images. This is achieved through the extraction of scene description graphs (SDGs) from visual scenes using an automatically constructed knowledge base. SDGs are constructed using both vision and reasoning. Specifically, commonsense reasoning is applied on (a) detections obtained from existing perception methods on given images, (b) a "commonsense" knowledge base constructed using natural language processing of image annotations and (c) lexical ontological knowledge from resources such as WordNet. Amazon Mechanical Turk(AM…
Tencent YouTu Lab（腾讯优图实验室）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Document Information Extraction (DIE) has attracted increasing attention due to its various advanced applications in the real world. Although recent literature has already achieved competitive results, these approaches usually fail when dealing with complex documents with noisy OCR results or mutative layouts. This paper proposes Generative Multi-modal Network (GMN) for real-world scenarios to address these problems, which is a robust multi-modal generation method without predefined label categories. With the carefully designed spatial encoder and modal-aware mask module, GMN can deal with com…
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)（信息通信研究机构）
In document-level relation extraction (DocRE), graph structure is generally used to encode relation information in the input document to classify the relation category between each entity pair, and has greatly advanced the DocRE task over the past several years. However, the learned graph representation universally models relation information between all entity pairs regardless of whether there are relationships between these entity pairs. Thus, those entity pairs without relationships disperse the attention of the encoder-classifier DocRE for ones with relationships, which may further hind th…
Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）；Institute of Computing Technology, CAS（中国科学院计算技术研究所）
Alternatively inferring on the visual facts and commonsense is fundamental for an advanced VQA system. This ability requires models to go beyond the literal understanding of commonsense. The system should not just treat objects as the entrance to query background knowledge, but fully ground commonsense to the visual world and imagine the possible relationships between objects, e.g., "fork, can lift, food". To comprehensively evaluate such abilities, we propose a VQA benchmark, CRIC, which introduces new types of questions about Compositional Reasoning on vIsion and Commonsense, and an evaluati…
Relation extraction (RE) is a sub-discipline of information extraction (IE) which focuses on the prediction of a relational predicate from a natural-language input unit (such as a sentence, a clause, or even a short paragraph consisting of multiple sentences and/or clauses). Together with named-entity recognition (NER) and disambiguation (NED), RE forms the basis for many advanced IE tasks such as knowledge-base (KB) population and verification. In this work, we explore how recent approaches for open information extraction (OpenIE) may help to improve the task of RE by encoding structured info…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；York University（约克大学）；National Research Council Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会）；iFLYTEK Research（科大讯飞研究院）
In this paper, we propose commonsense knowledge enhanced embeddings (KEE) for solving the Pronoun Disambiguation Problems (PDP). The PDP task we investigate in this paper is a complex coreference resolution task which requires the utilization of commonsense knowledge. This task is a standard first round test set in the 2016 Winograd Schema Challenge. In this task, traditional linguistic features that are useful for coreference resolution, e.g. context and gender information, are no longer effective anymore. Therefore, the KEE models are proposed to provide a general framework to make use of co…
Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California（南加州大学信息科学研究所）；Bosch Research Pittsburgh（博世研究院匹兹堡分院）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
Understanding novel situations in the traffic domain requires an intricate combination of domain-specific and causal commonsense knowledge. Prior work has provided sufficient perception-based modalities for traffic monitoring, in this paper, we focus on a complementary research aspect of Intelligent Transportation: traffic understanding. We scope our study to text-based methods and datasets given the abundant commonsense knowledge that can be extracted using language models from large corpus and knowledge graphs. We adopt three knowledge-driven approaches for zero-shot QA over traffic situatio…
Eliciting knowledge from pre-trained language models via prompt-based learning has shown great potential in many natural language processing tasks. Whereas, the applications for more complex tasks such as event extraction are less studied since the design of prompt is not straightforward for the structured event containing various triggers and arguments. % Meanwhile, current conditional generation methods employ large encoder-decoder models, which are costly to train and serve. In this paper, we present a novel prompt-based approach, which elicits both the independent and joint knowledge about…
What Are the Facts? Automated Extraction of Court-Established Facts from Criminal-Court Opinions
Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague, Czechia（法律学院，查尔斯大学，捷克共和国）；Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia（数学与物理学院，查尔斯大学，捷克共和国）；School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA（计算机科学学院，卡内基梅隆大学，美国）
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）
Recent advancements of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have seen widespread deployment in multiple security-sensitive domains. The need of resource-intensive training and use of valuable domain-specific training data have made these models a top intellectual property (IP) for model owners. One of the major threats to the DNN privacy is model extraction attacks where adversaries attempt to steal sensitive information in DNN models. Recent studies show hardware-based side channel attacks can reveal internal knowledge about DNN models (e.g., model architectures) However, to date, existing attacks can…
Towards Automated Solar Panel Integrity: Hybrid Deep Feature Extraction for Advanced Surface Defect Identification
Artificial Intelligence Technology Centre (AITeC), National Centre for Physics (NCP)（人工智能技术中心，国家物理中心）；School of Computing, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (PAFIAST)（计算学院，巴奥应用科学与技术学院）；Faculty of IT and Computer Sciences, University of Central Punjab Lahore（信息技术与计算机科学学院，中央旁遮普大学拉合尔校区）
Cellpose+, a morphological analysis tool for feature extraction of stained cell images
Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University（ITMO大学信息化学科学中心）；National Research Nuclear University MEPhI（国家研究型核大学MEPhI）；Institute of Biophysics Russian Academy of Science（俄罗斯科学院生物物理研究所）
