For mental disorders, patients' underlying mental states are non-observed latent constructs which have to be inferred from observed multi-domain measurements such as diagnostic symptoms and patient functioning scores. Additionally, substantial heterogeneity in the disease diagnosis between patients needs to be addressed for optimizing individualized treatment policy in order to achieve precision medicine. To address these challenges, we propose an integrated learning framework that can simultaneously learn patients' underlying mental states and recommend optimal treatments for each individual. This learning framework is based on the measurement theory in psychiatry for modeling multiple disease diagnostic measures as arising from the underlying causes (true mental states). It allows incorporation of the multivariate pre- and post-treatment outcomes as well as biological measures while preserving the invariant structure for representing patients' latent mental states. A multi-layer neural network is used to allow complex treatment effect heterogeneity. Optimal treatment policy can be inferred for future patients by comparing their potential mental states under different treatments given the observed multi-domain pre-treatment measurements. Experiments on simulated data and a real-world clinical trial data show that the learned treatment polices compare favorably to alternative methods on heterogeneous treatment effects, and have broad utilities which lead to better patient outcomes on multiple domains.
Learning Optimal Distributionally Robust Individualized Treatment Rules Integrating Multi-Source Data
Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（应用数学系，香港理工大学）；Department of Biostatistics, City University of Hong Kong（生物统计学系，香港城市大学）
A novel functional additive model is proposed which is uniquely modified and constrained to model nonlinear interactions between a treatment indicator and a potentially large number of functional and/or scalar pretreatment covariates. The primary motivation for this approach is to optimize individualized treatment rules based on data from a randomized clinical trial. We generalize functional additive regression models by incorporating treatment-specific components into additive effect components. A structural constraint is imposed on the treatment-specific components in order to provide a clas…
Dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) are a statistical paradigm in precision medicine which aim to optimize patient outcomes by individualizing treatments. At its simplest, a DTR may require only a single decision to be made; this special case is called an individualized treatment rule (ITR) and is often used to maximize short-term rewards. Generalized dynamic weighted ordinary least squares (G-dWOLS), a DTR estimation method that offers theoretical advantages such as double robustness of parameter estimators in the decision rules, has been recently extended to now accommodate categorical treatment…
Precision medicine is a rapidly expanding area of health research wherein patient level information is used to inform treatment decisions. A statistical framework helps to formalize the individualization of treatment decisions that characterize personalized management plans. Numerous methods have been proposed to estimate individualized treatment rules that optimize expected patient outcomes, many of which have desirable properties such as robustness to model misspecification. However, while individual data are essential in this context, there may be concerns about data confidentiality, partic…
The George Washington University（乔治华盛顿大学）；University of Southern California（南加利福尼亚大学）；University of North Carolina（北卡罗来纳大学）
Recent exploration of optimal individualized decision rules (IDRs) for patients in precision medicine has attracted a lot of attention due to the heterogeneous responses of patients to different treatments. In the existing literature of precision medicine, an optimal IDR is defined as a decision function mapping from the patients' covariate space into the treatment space that maximizes the expected outcome of each individual. Motivated by the concept of Optimized Certainty Equivalent (OCE) introduced originally in \cite{ben1986expected} that includes the popular conditional-value-of risk (CVaR…
A Temporal Machine Learning-Based Time-to-Event Model for Predicting ALS Progression and Healthcare Utilization
Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University（奥本大学哈里森药学院）；Fisk University（菲斯克大学）；Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University（天普大学刘易斯·卡茨医学院）；Emory University（埃默里大学）；Barnett College of Public Health, Temple University（天普大学巴尼特公共卫生学院）
Addressing Asynchronicity in Clinical Multimodal Fusion via Individualized Chest X-ray Generation
School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学护理学院）；School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology（华南理工大学软件学院）；Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University（香港浸会大学计算机科学系）
针对 EHR 与 CXR 采集不同步导致旧胸片影响临床预测的问题，提出 DDL-CXR，利用既往 CXR 和 EHR 时间序列条件化潜在扩散模型生成最新患者特异性表示，并在 MIMIC 上验证其性能优势。
Department of Computer Science, Saarland University（萨尔兰大学计算机科学系）；Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学生物学系）；Novo Nordisk A/S（诺华北欧制药有限公司）；Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学应用数学与计算机科学系）
Data Pipeline Training: Integrating AutoML to Optimize the Data Flow of Machine Learning Models
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of Texas at Dallas（德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校）；University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；Emerging Pathogens Institute（新兴病原体研究所）
Bacterial infections are responsible for high mortality worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance underlying the infection, and multifaceted patient's clinical status can hamper the correct choice of antibiotic treatment. Randomized clinical trials provide average treatment effect estimates but are not ideal for risk stratification and optimization of therapeutic choice, i.e., individualized treatment effects (ITE). Here, we leverage large-scale electronic health record data, collected from Southern US academic clinics, to emulate a clinical trial, i.e., 'target trial', and develop a machine learnin…
Traffic congestion in metropolitan areas is a world-wide problem that can be ameliorated by traffic lights that respond dynamically to real-time conditions. Recent studies applying deep reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize single traffic lights have shown significant improvement over conventional control. However, optimization of global traffic condition over a large road network fundamentally is a cooperative multi-agent control problem, for which single-agent RL is not suitable due to environment non-stationarity and infeasibility of optimizing over an exponential joint-action space. Moti…
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Internal Revenue Service（美国国税局）；University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）
We introduce a new setting, optimize-and-estimate structured bandits. Here, a policy must select a batch of arms, each characterized by its own context, that would allow it to both maximize reward and maintain an accurate (ideally unbiased) population estimate of the reward. This setting is inherent to many public and private sector applications and often requires handling delayed feedback, small data, and distribution shifts. We demonstrate its importance on real data from the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The IRS performs yearly audits of the tax base. Two of its most importa…
A Multimodal Deep Learning Framework for Early Diagnosis of Liver Cancer via Optimized BiLSTM-AM-VMD Architecture
Department of Encephalopathy, Chengdu Pidu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611730, China（成都Pidu区中医医院神经病科）；Department of Tuina, Chengdu Pidu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611730, China（成都Pidu区中医医院推拿科）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA（卡内基梅隆大学电气与计算机工程系）
A Cascading Cooperative Multi-agent Framework for On-ramp Merging Control Integrating Large Language Models
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）；Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学计算机科学与工程系）；Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University（耶鲁大学机械工程与材料科学系）；Computer Vision, BYD COMPANY LIMITED（计算机视觉，比亚迪有限公司）；School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校建筑学院）；Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto（多伦多大学应用科学与工程学院）
