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arXiv 2010.11642stat.MLcs.LG
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互信息在变分分类器中的作用

The Role of Mutual Information in Variational Classifiers

Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires(布宜诺斯艾利斯大学工程学院);CSC, CONICET(国家科学技术研究委员会计算机科学中心);International Laboratory on Learning Systems (ILLS)(国际学习系统实验室);Mila(米拉人工智能研究所)

Matias Vera, Leonardo Rey Vega, Pablo Piantanida

AI总结:

本文从信息论角度研究变分分类器的泛化误差,推导出泛化误差可由输入特征与潜在表示之间的互信息所界定的条件,为 KL 正则化项提供理论依据,并通过 MNIST 和 CIFAR 实验验证互信息能有效反映泛化行为。

摘要:

过拟合数据是一个众所周知的现象,它与生成一个过于接近(或完全一致)地模仿特定数据实例的模型有关,因此该模型可能无法可靠地预测未来观测。在实践中,这种行为通过各种——有时是启发式的——正则化技术来控制,这些技术的动机是推导泛化误差的上界。在这项工作中,我们研究了依赖随机编码并在交叉熵损失上训练的分类器的泛化误差,交叉熵损失在深度学习中常用于分类问题。我们推导出泛化误差的界,表明存在一种机制,其中泛化误差由输入特征与潜在空间中相应表示之间的互信息所界定,这些表示是根据编码分布随机生成的。我们的界为所谓的变分分类器类别中的泛化提供了信息论层面的理解,该类分类器通过 Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度项进行正则化。这些结果为变分推断方法中非常流行的 KL 项提供了理论基础,该 KL 项已被认识到能有效地充当正则化惩罚。我们进一步观察到其与已被深入研究的若干概念之间的联系,如变分自编码器(Variational Autoencoders)、信息丢弃(Information Dropout)、信息瓶颈(Information Bottleneck)和玻尔兹曼机(Boltzmann Machines)。最后,我们在 MNIST 和 CIFAR 数据集上进行了数值实验,并表明互信息确实高度代表了泛化误差的行为。

英文摘要:

Overfitting data is a well-known phenomenon related with the generation of a model that mimics too closely (or exactly) a particular instance of data, and may therefore fail to predict future observations reliably. In practice, this behaviour is controlled by various--sometimes heuristics--regularization techniques, which are motivated by developing upper bounds to the generalization error. In this work, we study the generalization error of classifiers relying on stochastic encodings trained on the cross-entropy loss, which is often used in deep learning for classification problems. We derive bounds to the generalization error showing that there exists a regime where the generalization error is bounded by the mutual information between input features and the corresponding representations in the latent space, which are randomly generated according to the encoding distribution. Our bounds provide an information-theoretic understanding of generalization in the so-called class of variational classifiers, which are regularized by a Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence term. These results give theoretical grounds for the highly popular KL term in variational inference methods that was already recognized to act effectively as a regularization penalty. We further observe connections with well studied notions such as Variational Autoencoders, Information Dropout, Information Bottleneck and Boltzmann Machines. Finally, we perform numerical experiments on MNIST and CIFAR datasets and show that mutual information is indeed highly representative of the behaviour of the generalization error.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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