关于均匀电子流体的胶态相
On the Colloidal Phase of the Homogeneous Electron Fluid
摘要：
我们提供了半严格的论点，均匀电子流体（HEF）有一个胶体相分离的维格纳晶体从高密度流体相。在晶体和流体基态能量之间的交叉附近，该论点对于晶体和更无定形相之间的任何量子跃迁都是相当普遍和有效的。在这种状态下，胶体是凝胶，其“Goldstone”模式是由结晶壁分隔的不规则流体液滴的流动。当单个流体气泡跨越整个系统时，发生金属绝缘体转变。超过这个转变的胶体是一种溶胶，其性质取决于存在的亚稳定的有限微晶与负表面张力。如果这些存在，则溶胶相具有比均匀流体低的能量。在二维HEF中，Kivelson和Spivak认为这种负表面张力物体总是存在的，至少以条纹的形式存在。我们认为，条纹的存在也意味着存在有限的负张力的椭圆形微晶和有限的微晶相和条纹相之间的详细竞争是很难计算的。我们还提供了较弱的论点，有限的微晶存在于三维空间。这为我们的主张提供了证据，即在\cite{haule} \cite{gapless}的数值计算中观察到的非零波数的无隙激发是这些微晶（玻色子准粒子）在表面张力消失的极限下的量子残余。最后，我们提出了一个朗道平均场论，用于描述流体相和溶胶相之间的二级量子相变。
英文摘要：
We provide semi-rigorous arguments that the Homogeneous Electron Fluid (HEF) has a colloidal phase separating the Wigner Crystal from the high density fluid phase. Near the crossover between crystal and fluid ground state energies, the argument is quite general and valid for practically any quantum transition between a crystal and a more amorphous phase. In this regime, the colloid is a gel and its "Goldstone" modes are flows of irregular fluid droplets separated by crystalline walls. A metal insulator transition occurs when a single bubble of fluid spans the entire system. Beyond this transition the colloid is a sol and its properties depend on the existence of meta-stable finite crystallites with negative surface tension. If these exist, the sol phase has lower energy than the homogeneous fluid. In the two dimensional HEF, Kivelson and Spivak argued that such negative surface tension objects always exist, at least in the form of stripes. We argue that the existence of stripes also implies the existence of finite negative tension elliptical crystallites and the detailed competition between the finite crystallite phase and striped phases is difficult to calculate. We also provide weaker arguments that finite crystallites exist in three dimensions. This provides evidence for our claim that the gapless excitations at non-zero wavenumber, observed in the numerical calculations of\cite{haule}\cite{gapless} are quantum remnants of these crystallites (Bosonic quasi-particles) in the limit of vanishing surface tension. Finally, we suggest a Landau mean field theory for the second order quantum phase transition between the fluid and sol phases.
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