对“广义”任意电阻KLJN密钥交换器的评述：功率、阻抗、安全性
Comments on the "Generalized" KLJN Key Exchanger with Arbitrary Resistors: Power, Impedance, Security
摘要：
在（自然）科学报告5（2015）13653中，Vadai，Mingesz和Gingl（VMG）介绍了一种新的基尔霍夫定律-约翰逊噪声（KLJN）安全密钥交换器，该交换器使用4个任意电阻器（而不是原始系统中形成2个相同电阻器对的2个任意电阻值）进行操作。他们指出，在这个新的VMG-KLJN，非零功率流的非平衡系统中，两个（HL和LH）位值交换过程中的安全性与原始KLJN方案一样强。此外，他们声称，在实际条件下，他们的VMG-KLJN协议“支持更强大的攻击保护”。首先，我们研究了具有4个任意电阻的VMG-KLJN系统的功率流和热平衡问题。然后，我们介绍了一种新的KLJN协议，允许从4个电阻器中任意选择3个电阻器，同时通过利用第4个电阻器的特定值和为交换的（HL和LH）位值设置的二进制温度，在交换单个位期间仍然以零功率流运行。然后，我们表明，在一般情况下，KLJN计划与2个以上的任意电阻（包括我们的新协议上述）容易受到4个新的被动攻击，利用电缆中的寄生电容和电感，而原来的KLJN计划是自然免疫这些新的攻击。这些攻击所利用的安全漏洞的核心是HL和LH情况下的不同线路电阻。因此，与上面引用的声明和权利要求相反，实际的VMG-KLJN系统比原始的KLJN方案更不安全。我们引入另一个2，修改，非平衡KLJN系统，以消除对一些-但不是所有-这些攻击的脆弱性。然而，这样做的代价是第四电阻器的选择的任意性的损失，并且信息泄漏仍然大于零。
英文摘要：
In (Nature) Science Report 5 (2015) 13653, Vadai, Mingesz and Gingl (VMG) introduce a new Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key exchanger that operates with 4 arbitrary resistors (instead of 2 arbitrary resistance values forming 2 identical resistor pairs in the original system). They state that in this new, VMG-KLJN, non-equilibrium system with nonzero power flow, the security during the exchange of the two (HL and LH) bit values is as strong as in the original KLJN scheme. Moreover, they claim that, at practical conditions, their VMG-KLJN protocol "supports more robust protection against attacks". First, we investigate the power flow and thermal equilibrium issues of the VMG-KLJN system with 4 arbitrary resistors. Then we introduce a new KLJN protocol that allows the arbitrary choice of 3 resistors from the 4, while it still operates with zero power flow during the exchange of single bits by utilizing a specific value of the 4th resistor and a binary temperature set for the exchanged (HL and LH) bit values. Then we show that, in general, the KLJN schemes with more than 2 arbitrary resistors (including our new protocol mentioned above) are prone to 4 new passive attacks utilizing the parasitic capacitance and inductance in the cable, while the original KLJN scheme is naturally immune against these new attacks. The core of the security vulnerability exploited by these attacks is the different line resistances in the HL and LH cases. Therefore, on the contrary of the statement and claim cited above, the practical VMG-KLJN system is less secure than the original KLJN scheme. We introduce another 2, modified, non-equilibrium KLJN systems to eliminate the vulnerability against some - but not all - of these attacks. However the price for that is the loss of arbitrariness of the selection of the 4th resistor and the information leak still remains greater than zero.
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