光子泄漏还是强电离辐射？使用软度图揭示heII-emitters的本质
Photon leaking or very hard ionizing radiation? Unveiling the nature of heII-emitters using the softness diagram
摘要：
具有星云HeII辐射的恒星形成星系包含非常高能的电离辐射源，这可以被认为是早期宇宙再电离的主要贡献者。因此，为这些源的等效有效温度（T*）提供可靠的绝对标度是非常重要的。我们使用所谓的软度图研究了一个局部（z< 0.2）恒星形成星系的样本，该样本显示了光学星云HeII发射，涉及两个连续电离阶段中两种元素的发射线（例如，[SII]/[SIII]对[OII]/[OIII]）。我们第一次使用HeI/HeII的比例在这些图中，以探索更高的范围内的T* 预期在这些objects.We建立网格的光电离模型，涵盖不同的黑体温度，模型集群的气氛，和密度有界的几何形状来解释样品中观察到的条件。我们验证了使用的软度图，包括发射线比HeI/HeII结合黑体光电离模型可以提供一个绝对规模的T* 为这些对象。类贝叶斯编码的应用表明，星系样本的T* 在50-80 kK的范围内，平均值高于60 kK。这些高温值的平均值只能用几乎不含金属的恒星的星团模型来重现，尽管这样的电离源不能解释超过1 σ的最高T* 值，也不能解释在软度图中观察到的色散。根据我们的光电离模型，大多数样本星系可能会在一定程度上受到电离光子泄漏的影响，呈现出平均光子吸收分数为26%或更高，这取决于电离星系团的金属丰度假设。
英文摘要：
Star-forming galaxies with nebular HeII emission contain very energetic ionizing sources of radiation, which can be considered as analogs to the major contributors of the reionization of the Universe in early epochs. It is therefore of great importance to provide a reliable absolute scale for the equivalent effective temperature (T*) for these sources. We study a sample of local (z< 0.2) star-forming galaxies showing optical nebular HeII emission using the so-called softness diagrams, involving emission lines of two elements in two consecutive stages of ionization (e.g., [SII]/[SIII] vs. [OII]/[OIII]). We use for the first time the HeI/heII ratio in these diagrams in order to explore the higher range of T* expected in these objects.We build grids of photoionization models covering different black-body temperatures, model cluster atmospheres, and density-bounded geometries to explain the conditions observed in the sample. We verified that the use of the softness diagrams including the emission-line ratio HeI/HeII combined with black-body photoionization models can provide an absolute scale of T* for these objects. The application of a Bayesian-like code indicates T* in the range 50-80 kK for the sample of galaxies, with a mean value higher than 60 kK. The average of these high temperature values can only be reproduced using cluster model populations with nearly metal-free stars, although such ionizing sources cannot explain either the highest T* values, beyond 1 sigma, or the dispersion observed in the softness diagrams. According to our photoionization models, most sample galaxies could be affected to some extent by ionizing photon leaking, presenting a mean photon absorption fraction of 26% or higher depending on the metallicity assumed for the ionizing cluster.
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