探索弱测量存在时量子功涨落定理的有效范围
Exploring the extent of validity of quantum work fluctuation theorems in the presence of weak measurements
AI总结：
该研究针对弱测量场景，通过二态系统验证了正算子值测量会使量子功涨落定理失效，还定义了功的弱值，发现其框架下定理偏差显著减小，拓展了量子功涨落定理的适用边界研究。
摘要：
众所周知，当功被定义为过程实验实现的初始和最终时刻，对系统哈密顿量进行投影测量的结果之差时，量子功涨落定理成立。近期一项研究表明，若测量具有更普遍的性质，即采用正算子值测量（POVM），该定理会失效，且偏差仅在算子趋近投影性质的极限下才会消失。我们研究了一个受线性时变哈密顿量支配、经历幺正演化的简单二态系统，验证了上述结论的正确性。我们进一步定义了功的弱值，并证明在该理论框架下，与严格功涨落定理的偏差要小得多。
英文摘要：
Quantum work fluctuation theorems are known to hold when the work is defined as the difference between the outcomes of projective measurements carried out on the Hamiltonian of the system at the initial and the final time instants of the experimental realization of the process. A recent study showed that the theorem breaks down if the measurement is of a more general nature, i.e. if a positive operator valued measurement is used, and the deviation vanishes only in the limit where the operators become projective in nature. We study a simple two-state system subjected to a unitary evolution under a Hamiltonian that is linearly dependent on time, and verify the validity of the above statement. We further define a weak value of work and show that the deviation from the exact work fluctuation theorems are much less in this formalism.
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