关于致密超级地球所表现出的偏心率二分法的起源：冷巨星的动态加热
On the origin of the eccentricity dichotomy displayed by compact super-Earths: dynamical heating by cold giants
摘要：
美国宇航局开普勒任务发现的行星中，大约有一半是在只有一颗行星经过其主星的系统中，其余的行星被观察到是在多行星系统中。最近的分析报告说，与多行星系统相比，单行星凌日系统所显示的偏心率分布具有二分法。使用$N$体模拟，我们研究的假设，这种二分法已经出现，因为内部系统的超级地球经常伴随着外部系统的巨行星，可以成为动态不稳定和扰动的内部系统。我们的初始条件是使用已知的开普勒五行星系统的一个子集作为内系统的模板，以及质量介于海王星和土星之间的外部巨行星系统，其轨道半径为$2 \le a_{\rm p} \le 10$ au。选择外部系统的参数，使得它们总是低于假定的3 ms $^{-1}$的径向速度检测阈值。结果表明，系统的平均偏心率与系统的重数成反比关系。对最终系统进行综合凌日观测揭示了偏心率和多重性分布的二分法，这些分布接近于与开普勒数据一致。因此，理解开普勒发现的超级地球紧凑系统的观测轨道和物理特性可能需要整体建模，在形成时期和之后耦合行星内部和外部系统的动力学。
英文摘要：
Approximately half of the planets discovered by NASA's Kepler mission are in systems where just a single planet transits its host star, and the remaining planets are observed to be in multi-planet systems. Recent analyses have reported a dichotomy in the eccentricity distribution displayed by systems where a single planet transits compared with that displayed by the multi-planet systems. Using $N$-body simulations, we examine the hypothesis that this dichotomy has arisen because inner systems of super-Earths are frequently accompanied by outer systems of giant planets that can become dynamically unstable and perturb the inner systems. Our initial conditions are constructed using a subset of the known Kepler five-planet systems as templates for the inner systems, and systems of outer giant planets with masses between those of Neptune and Saturn that are centred on orbital radii $2 \le a_{\rm p} \le 10$ au. The parameters of the outer systems are chosen so that they are always below an assumed radial velocity detection threshold of 3 ms$^{-1}$. The results show an inverse relation between the mean eccentricities and the multiplicites of the systems. Performing synthetic transit observation of the final systems reveals dichotomies in both the eccentricity and multiplicity distributions that are close to being in agreement with the Kepler data. Hence, understanding the observed orbital and physical properties of the compact systems of super-Earths discovered by Kepler may require holistic modelling that couples the dynamics of both inner and outer systems of planets during and after the epoch of formation.
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