arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2009.01259astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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10 Gyr M矮星周围的高能辐射环境:最终可居住?

The High-Energy Radiation Environment Around a 10 Gyr M Dwarf: Habitable at Last?

Kevin France, Girish Duvvuri, Hilary Egan, Tommi Koskinen, David J. Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Cynthia S. Froning, Alexander Brown, Julian D. Alvarado-Gomez, Z… 展开作者

Kevin France, Girish Duvvuri, Hilary Egan, Tommi Koskinen, David J. Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Cynthia S. Froning, Alexander Brown, Julian D. Alvarado-Gomez, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Jeremy J. Drake, Cecilia Garraffo, Lisa Kaltenegger, Adam F. Kowalski, Jeffrey L. Linsky, R. O. Parke Loyd, Pablo J. D. Mauas, Yamila Miguel, J. Sebastian Pineda, Sarah Rugheimer, P. Christian Schneider, Feng Tian, Mariela Vieytes

摘要:

年轻的M矮星上的高水平X射线和紫外线活动可能会驱动在液态水可居住带内轨道运行的温带类地行星上的快速大气逃逸。然而,围绕较老、较不活跃的M矮星运行的行星上的次级大气可能是稳定的,并为生物标志物搜索提供了更有希望的候选者。我们提出了新的HST和钱德拉观测巴纳德星(GJ 699),一个10 Gyr的老M3.5矮星,获得的Mega-MUSCLES计划的一部分。尽管巴纳德星的年龄和长的旋转周期,我们观察到两个FUV($δ_{130}$ $\approx$ 5000 s; $E_{130}$ $\approx$各10个$^{29.5}$ erg)和1个X线片($E_{X}$ $\approx$ 10 $^{29.2}$ erg)耀斑,并估计$\sim$ 25\%的高能耀斑占空比(此处定义为恒星处于耀斑状态的时间分数)。创建了GJ 699的5 A - 10 $μ$ m SED,并用于评估一颗位于适居带($r_{HZ}$ $\sim$ 0.1 AU)的假设非磁化类地行星的大气稳定性。热逃逸和非热逃逸模型都表明:(1)$quiescent$恒星XUV通量不会导致强烈的大气逃逸:大气加热率与现代地球上太阳活动频繁的时期相当;(2)在观测到的耀斑占空比下,$flare$环境可能使大气进入流体动力学损失状态:持续暴露于GJ 699的耀斑环境分别导致$\approx$ 87地球大气压Gyr $^{-1}$通过热过程的损失和$\approx$ 3地球大气压Gyr $^{-1}$通过离子损失过程的损失。这些结果表明,如果岩石行星的大气层可以生存的初始$\sim$ 5陀螺仪的高恒星活动,或者如果第二代大气层可以形成或收购,耀斑占空比可能是控制恒星参数的稳定性类地大气层周围的老M星。

英文摘要:

High levels of X-ray and UV activity on young M dwarfs may drive rapid atmospheric escape on temperate, terrestrial planets orbiting within the liquid water habitable zone. However, secondary atmospheres on planets orbiting older, less active M dwarfs may be stable and present more promising candidates for biomarker searches. We present new HST and Chandra observations of Barnard's Star (GJ 699), a 10 Gyr old M3.5 dwarf, acquired as part of the Mega-MUSCLES program. Despite the old age and long rotation period of Barnard's star, we observe two FUV ($δ_{130}$ $\approx$ 5000s; $E_{130}$ $\approx$ 10$^{29.5}$ erg each) and one X-ray ($E_{X}$ $\approx$ 10$^{29.2}$ erg) flares, and estimate a high-energy flare duty cycle (defined here as the fraction of the time the star is in a flare state) of $\sim$ 25\%. A 5 A - 10 $μ$m SED of GJ 699 is created and used to evaluate the atmospheric stability of a hypothetical, unmagnetized terrestrial planet in the habitable zone ($r_{HZ}$ $\sim$ 0.1 AU). Both thermal and non-thermal escape modeling indicate (1) the $quiescent$ stellar XUV flux does not lead to strong atmospheric escape: atmospheric heating rates are comparable to periods of high solar activity on modern Earth, and (2) the $flare$ environment could drive the atmosphere into a hydrodynamic loss regime at the observed flare duty cycle: sustained exposure to the flare environment of GJ 699 results in the loss of $\approx$ 87 Earth atmospheres Gyr$^{-1}$ through thermal processes and $\approx$ 3 Earth atmospheres Gyr$^{-1}$ through ion loss processes, respectively. These results suggest that if rocky planet atmospheres can survive the initial $\sim$ 5 Gyr of high stellar activity, or if a second generation atmosphere can be formed or acquired, the flare duty cycle may be the controlling stellar parameter for the stability of Earth-like atmospheres around old M stars.

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