广义吉布斯包绕偏离平衡的信号：由局部猝灭引起的负吸收
Signature of Generalized Gibbs Ensemble Deviation from Equilibrium: Negative Absorption Induced by a Local Quench
摘要：
当在具有完整运动常数集的孤立量子系统中进行参数猝灭时，其平衡动力学被认为是由广义吉布斯熵（GGE）很好地捕获的，其特征在于与运动常数相关的一组系数$\{λ_α\}$。我们确定最基本的GGE偏离平衡分布，导致可检测的影响。通过在一维电子系统中淬灭适当的局部吸引势，所得到的GGE与平衡态的差异仅为一个单一的$λ_α$，对应于出现位于完全占据的连续态之下的仅部分占据的束缚态。该效应被示出为引起光学增益，即，吸收光谱中的一个负峰，表示辐射的受激发射，使人们能够通过光学测量来识别费米子系统中的GGE特征。我们讨论在现实的设置的实施。
英文摘要：
When a parameter quench is performed in an isolated quantum system with a complete set of constants of motion, its out of equilibrium dynamics is considered to be well captured by the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE), characterized by a set $\{λ_α\}$ of coefficients related to the constants of motion. We determine the most elementary GGE deviation from the equilibrium distribution that leads to detectable effects. By quenching a suitable local attractive potential in a one-dimensional electron system, the resulting GGE differs from equilibrium by only one single $λ_α$, corresponding to the emergence of an only partially occupied bound state lying below a fully occupied continuum of states. The effect is shown to induce optical gain, i.e., a negative peak in the absorption spectrum, indicating the stimulated emission of radiation, enabling one to identify GGE signatures in fermionic systems through optical measurements. We discuss the implementation in realistic setups.
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