论地球大气中的人为和自然物质注入
On the Anthropogenic and Natural Injection of Matter into Earth's Atmosphere
摘要：
每年都有越来越多的物体被送往太空。在高空轨道上停留时，低空物体会重新进入大气层，大部分会解体并向高层大气层添加物质。越来越多的国家开展空间计划，推进商业化，并实施雄心勃勃的卫星星座项目，这引起了人们对未来空间碎片的担忧，并将继续增加进入大气层的质量流量。在这项研究中，我们将人造（人为）物体的质量流入与流星体引起的自然质量流入地球大气层进行了比较，流星体来自小行星和彗星等太阳系物体。考虑到计划中的和已经部分安装的大型卫星星座，评价了人为质量源的当前和不久的将来的意义。有关质量，成分和自然和人为物质的消融的详细信息，审查相关文献。今天，与每年注入的天然物质相比，人为物质确实占2.8%左右，但未来的卫星星座可能会将这一比例提高到近40%。在这种情况下，若干金属的人为注入远远超过自然源的注入。此外，我们发现，人为注入到大气中的气溶胶不成比例地增加。所有这些都可能对地球的大气层和陆地栖息地产生未知的影响。
英文摘要：
Every year, more and more objects are sent to space. While staying in orbit at high altitudes, objects at low altitudes reenter the atmosphere, mostly disintegrating and adding material to the upper atmosphere. The increasing number of countries with space programs, advancing commercialization, and ambitious satellite constellation projects raise concerns about space debris in the future and will continuously increase the mass flux into the atmosphere. In this study, we compare the mass influx of human-made (anthropogenic) objects to the natural mass flux into Earth's atmosphere due to meteoroids, originating from solar system objects like asteroids and comets. The current and near future significance of anthropogenic mass sources is evaluated, considering planned and already partially installed large satellite constellations. Detailed information about the mass, composition, and ablation of natural and anthropogenic material are given, reviewing the relevant literature. Today, anthropogenic material does make up about 2.8 % compared to the annual injected mass of natural origin, but future satellite constellations may increase this fraction to nearly 40 %. For this case, the anthropogenic injection of several metals prevails the injection by natural sources by far. Additionally, we find that the anthropogenic injection of aerosols into the atmosphere increases disproportionately. All this can have yet unknown effects on Earth's atmosphere and the terrestrial habitat.
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