论模糊性的最优性：“围绕”、“在...之间”与格赖斯的格言
On the Optimality of Vagueness: "Around", "Between", and the Gricean Maxims
摘要：
为什么普通语言是模糊的？我们认为，在合作的发言人不完全了解世界的情况下，使用模糊的表达可以提供一个最佳的权衡真实性（格莱斯质量）和信息量（格莱斯数量）。专注于近似的表达，如“周围”，这是语义模糊，我们表明，它们允许扬声器传达间接的概率信息，在某种程度上，可以给听众一个更准确的表示信息提供给扬声器比任何更精确的表达（间隔的形式“之间”）。也就是说，模糊的句子可以比精确的句子提供更多的信息。我们给出了一个概率处理的解释“周围”，并提供了一个模型的解释和使用“周围”的理性言语行为（RSA）框架内的声明。在我们的帐户的形状扬声器的分布事项的方式没有预测的词汇不确定性模型标准使用的RSA框架中的模糊谓词。我们使用我们的方法，以进一步吸取经验教训，语义的灵活性，模糊的表达和其不可还原到更精确的含义。
英文摘要：
Why is ordinary language vague? We argue that in contexts in which a cooperative speaker is not perfectly informed about the world, the use of vague expressions can offer an optimal tradeoff between truthfulness (Gricean Quality) and informativeness (Gricean Quantity). Focusing on expressions of approximation such as "around", which are semantically vague, we show that they allow the speaker to convey indirect probabilistic information, in a way that can give the listener a more accurate representation of the information available to the speaker than any more precise expression would (intervals of the form "between"). That is, vague sentences can be more informative than their precise counterparts. We give a probabilistic treatment of the interpretation of "around", and offer a model for the interpretation and use of "around"-statements within the Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework. In our account the shape of the speaker's distribution matters in ways not predicted by the Lexical Uncertainty model standardly used in the RSA framework for vague predicates. We use our approach to draw further lessons concerning the semantic flexibility of vague expressions and their irreducibility to more precise meanings.
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