与第三方集成商竞争的乘车外包市场
Competitive ride-sourcing market with a third-party integrator
摘要：
最近，一些交通服务提供商尝试整合由多个独立的乘车外包平台提供的乘车服务，并且乘客能够通过这样的第三方集成商或连接器请求乘车并从任何一个平台接收服务。这种新的商业模式，在本文中被称为第三方平台集成，有可能减轻由于多个平台之间的需求分裂的市场分割的成本。现有的研究大多集中在单一垄断平台的运营策略上，而对竞争、平台整合及其对运营策略和系统效率的影响研究较少。在本文中，我们提出了数学模型来描述具有多个竞争平台的乘车外包市场，并比较两种市场场景之间的系统性能指标，即，有无平台整合，在纳什均衡以及社会最优。我们发现，在纳什均衡和社会最优条件下，平台整合可以增加总的已实现需求和社会福利，但当汽车供应量足够大或/和市场过于分散时，可能不一定会产生更大的利润。我们发现，平台整合的市场通常实现更大的社会福利。一方面，平台整合中的整合者能够产生更厚的市场，减少匹配摩擦;另一方面，多个平台仍然通过独立定价进行竞争，这有助于减少垄断市场中的垄断加价。
英文摘要：
Recently, some transportation service providers attempt to integrate the ride services offered by multiple independent ride-sourcing platforms, and passengers are able to request ride through such third-party integrators or connectors and receive service from any one of the platforms. This novel business model, termed as third-party platform-integration in this paper, has potentials to alleviate the cost of market fragmentation due to the demand splitting among multiple platforms. While most existing studies focus on the operation strategies for one single monopolist platform, much less is known about the competition and platform-integration as well as the implications on operation strategy and system efficiency. In this paper, we propose mathematical models to describe the ride-sourcing market with multiple competing platforms and compare system performance metrics between two market scenarios, i.e., with and without platform-integration, at Nash equilibrium as well as social optimum. We find that platform-integration can increase total realized demand and social welfare at both Nash equilibrium and social optimum, but may not necessarily generate a greater profit when vehicle supply is sufficiently large or/and market is too fragmented. We show that the market with platform-integration generally achieves greater social welfare. On one hand, the integrator in platform-integration is able to generate a thicker market and reduce matching frictions; on the other hand, multiple platforms are still competing by independently setting their prices, which help to mitigate monopoly mark-up as in the monopoly market.
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