种族隔离模式的复杂性
Complexity in patterns of racial segregation
摘要：
城市是一个复杂系统，其复杂性表现在城市空间结构的分形性和城市多属性的幂律分布（标度）上。在这里，我们报告了以前未报告的城市复杂性的表现-在居住种族隔离模式的缩放。一个城市的高分辨率种族网格被分割成种族飞地，这些飞地是固定种族组成的补丁。通过对美国41个城市斑块面积和人口数量的经验PDF进行分析，发现这些变量的分布要么是幂律，要么是近似幂律。幂律适用于所有补丁的池，适用于单个城市的补丁，以及仅限于特定种族类型的补丁。1990年，面积/人口指数平均值为1.64/1.68，2010年为1.70/1.74。不同类型斑块的指数值有所不同，但从1990年到2010年变化有所减少。我们还进行了多重分形分析的种族斑块形成的图案，发现这些图案是单分形的分形维数的平均值在0.94-1.81的范围内，这取决于种族类型和分析的年份。幂律分布的种族补丁大小和种族模式的分形特征，种族隔离模型提出了可观察和量化的限制。我们认为，优先连接的增长是一个合理的机制，导致观察到的模式隔离。
英文摘要：
Cities are complex systems, their complexity manifests itself through fractality of their spatial structures and by power law distributions (scaling) of multiple urban attributes. Here we report on the previously unreported manifestation of urban complexity -- scaling in patterns of residential racial segregation. A high-resolution racial grid of a city is segmented into racial enclaves which are patches of stationary racial composition. Empirical PDFs of patch areas and population counts in 41 US cities were analyzed to reveal that these variables have distributions which are either power laws or approximate power laws. Power law holds for a pool of all patches, for patches from individual cities, and patches restricted to specific racial types. The average value of the exponent is 1.64/1.68 for area/population in 1990 and 1.70/1.74 in 2010. The values of exponents for type-specific patches vary, but variations had decreased from 1990 to 2010. We have also performed a multifractal analysis of patterns formed by racial patches and found that these patterns are monofractal with average values of fractal dimensions in the 0.94-1.81 range depending on racial types and the year of analysis. Power law distribution of racial patch sizes and a fractal character of racial patterns present observable and quantifiable constraints on models of racial segregation. We argue that growth by preferential attachment is a plausible mechanism leading to observed patterns of segregation.
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