孤独但不孤独：观测证据表明，形成热亚矮星总是需要双星相互作用
Alone but not lonely: Observational evidence that binary interaction is always required to form hot subdwarf stars
摘要：
热次矮星是核心氦燃烧的恒星，比标准的水平分支恒星质量更低，温度更高。它们被认为是在红巨星遭受极端质量损失时形成的。双星相互作用被认为是主要的形成通道，但高比例的明显单一的热亚矮星（高达30%），促使单星形成的情景被提出。如果这种没有相互作用的形成场景是可能的，那也意味着在没有经历相互作用的宽双星中存在热次矮星。我们通过分析凌日系外行星巡天卫星（TESS）的光变曲线来探测这些系统的存在，并通过寻找光谱确认的热亚矮星的共同自行对来寻找所有已知的热亚矮星。我们发现：（1）与场主序星相比，复合热次矮星中的伴星自转周期较短。它们呈三角形分布，峰值在2.5天左右，类似于年轻的疏散星团。在已知的宽热亚矮星双星中，观测到的伴星自转速率分布提供了先前相互作用导致自旋上升的证据。我们还报告（ii）候选人共同自行同伴的热亚矮星短缺，考虑到这种系统的祖先之间的频率。我们发现只有16个候选人探测2938热亚矮星与良好的天体测量。其中，至少有六个似乎是分层的三重系统，其中热的亚矮星是内部双星的一部分。这些结果表明，双星相互作用总是需要热的次矮星的形成。
英文摘要：
Hot subdwarfs are core-helium burning stars that show lower masses and higher temperatures than canonical horizontal branch stars. They are believed to be formed when a red giant suffers an extreme mass-loss episode. Binary interaction is suggested to be the main formation channel, but the high fraction of apparently single hot subdwarfs (up to 30%) has prompted single star formation scenarios to be proposed. If such formation scenarios without interaction were possible, that would also imply the existence of hot subdwarfs in wide binaries that have undergone no interaction. We probe the existence of these systems by analysing light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for all known hot subdwarfs with a main sequence wide binary companion, and by searching for common proper motion pairs to spectroscopically confirmed hot subdwarfs. We find that (i) the companions in composite hot subdwarfs show short rotation periods when compared to field main sequence stars. They display a triangular-shaped distribution with a peak around 2.5 days, similar to what is observed for young open clusters. This observed distribution of rotation rates for the companions in known wide hot subdwarf binaries provides evidence of previous interaction causing spin-up. We also report (ii) a shortage of hot subdwarfs with candidate common proper motion companions, considering the frequency of such systems among progenitors. We identify only 16 candidates after probing 2938 hot subdwarfs with good astrometry. Out of those, at least six seem to be hierarchical triple systems, in which the hot subdwarf is part of an inner binary. These results suggest that binary interaction is always required for the formation of hot subdwarfs.
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