等离子体加速器的粒子网格法模拟
Simulation of plasma accelerators with the Particle-In-Cell method
摘要：
我们提出了标准的电磁粒子网格法，从离散近似的衍生物在一个统一的网格。应用二阶，集中，有限差分离散的运动方程和麦克斯韦方程，然后描述在一维，其次是二维和三维。各种算法，我们讨论了稳定性和精度，介绍和阐明的概念，如数值随机加热，CFL限制和数值色散。通过插值在各种订单的粒子和场量的耦合进行了详细说明，连同其对能量和动量守恒的影响。讨论了与等离子体加速器建模相关的一些特殊问题，如移动窗口、最佳洛伦兹助推框架、数值切连科夫不稳定性及其缓解。激光驱动和粒子束驱动加速器的模拟的例子，包括网格细化。最后，我们讨论了高性能计算和简要的展望。
英文摘要：
We present the standard electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell method, starting from the discrete approximation of derivatives on a uniform grid. The application to second-order, centered, finite-difference discretization of the equations of motion and of Maxwells equations is then described in one dimension, followed by two and three dimensions. Various algorithms are presented, for which we discuss the stability and accuracy, introducing and elucidating concepts like numerical stochastic heating, CFL limit and numerical dispersion. The coupling of the particles and field quantities via interpolation at various orders is detailed, together with its implication on energy and momentum conserving. Special topics of relevance to the modeling of plasma accelerators are discussed, such as moving window, optimal Lorentz boosted frame, the numerical Cherenkov instability and its mitigation. Examples of simulations of laser-driven and particle beam-driven accelerators are given, including with mesh refinement. We conclude with a discussion on high-performance computing and a brief outlook.
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