We explore the effects of environment in the evolution of late-type galaxies by studying the radial profiles of light- and mass-weighted metallicities of galaxies in two discrete environments: field and groups. We use a sample of 167 late-type galaxies, with stellar masses $9\le \log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) \le 12$, drawn from the CALIFA survey. We make a study of the metallicity of galaxies in these two environments which includes the comparison of the metallicity as a function of the radius, at a characteristic scale, and as a function of a the stellar mass surface density. We find significant differences between group and field late-type galaxies in terms of their metallicity, in the sense that group galaxies are systematically more metallic than their field counterparts. We find that field galaxies have, in general, metallicity profiles that show a negative gradient in their inner regions, and a shallower profile at larger radii. This contrasts with the metallicity profiles of galaxies in groups, which tend to be flat in the inner regions, and to have a negative gradient in the outer parts. Regarding the metallicity at the characteristic radius of the luminosity profiles, we consistently find that it is higher for group galaxies irrespective of galaxy mass. At fixed local stellar surface mass density, group galaxies are again more metallic, also the dependence of metallicity on surface density is less important for group galaxies. The evidence of a clear difference on the metallicity of group and field galaxies, as a function of mass, spatial scale, and local stellar mass density, are indicative of the different evolutionary paths that galaxies in groups and in the field have followed. We discuss possible implications of the observed differences.
We use fossil record techniques on the CALIFA sample to study how galaxies in the local universe have evolved in terms of their chemical content. We show how the metallicity and the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) evolve through time for the galaxies in our sample and how this evolution varies when we divide them based on their mass, morphology and star-forming status. We also check the impact of measuring the metallicity at the centre or the outskirts. We find the expected results that the most massive galaxies got enriched faster, with the MZR getting steeper at higher redshifts. However, on…
Variations in the stellar initial mass function (IMF) have been invoked to explain the spectroscopic and dynamical properties of early-type galaxies. However, no observations have yet been able to disentangle the physical driver. We analyse here a sample of 24 early-type galaxies drawn from the CALIFA survey, deriving in a homogeneous way their stellar population and kinematic properties. We find that the local IMF is tightly related to the local metallicity, becoming more bottom-heavy towards metal-rich populations. Our result, combined with the galaxy mass-metallicity relation, naturally exp…
We analyze radial stellar metallicity and kinematic profiles out to 1Re in 244 CALIFA galaxies ranging from morphological type E to Sd, to study the evolutionary mechanisms of stellar population gradients. We find that linear metallicity gradients exhibit a clear correlation with galaxy morphological type - with early type galaxies showing the steepest gradients. We show that the metallicity gradients simply reflect the local mass-metallicity relation within a galaxy. This suggests that the radial stellar population distribution within a galaxys effective radius is primarily a result of the \e…
The metallicity of local galaxies is tightly related not only to stellar mass, i.e. the mass-metallicity relation, but also to the star formation rate (SFR) through the so-called fundamental metallicity relation (FMR); more active galaxies show lower metallicities at fixed mass. Interestingly, high-z galaxies up to z~2.5 follow the same relation defined by SDSS locally. However, different shapes have been proposed for local galaxies, and the existence of a FMR and the role of the SFR has been recently questioned by some authors. In this paper we first discuss the various parametrizations of th…
We use spatially and temporally resolved maps of stellar population properties of 300 galaxies from the CALIFA integral field survey to investigate how the stellar metallicity (Z*) relates to the total stellar mass (M*) and the local mass surface density ($μ$*) in both spheroidal and disk dominated galaxies. The galaxies are shown to follow a clear stellar mass-metallicity relation (MZR) over the whole 10$^9$ to 10$^{12}$ M$_{\odot}$ range. This relation is steeper than the one derived from nebular abundances, which is similar to the flatter stellar MZR derived when we consider only young star…
We present a novel method to retrieve the chemical structure of galaxies using integral field spectroscopy data through the stellar Metallicity Distribution Function (MDF). This is the probability distribution of observing stellar populations having a metallicity $Z$. We apply this method to a set of $550$ galaxies from the CALIFA survey. We present the behaviour of the MDF as a function of the morphology, the stellar mass and the radial distance. We use the stellar metallicity radial profiles retrieved as the first moment of the MDF, as an internal test for our method. The gradients in these …
We resolve spatially the star formation history of 300 nearby galaxies from the CALIFA integral field survey to investigate: a) the radial structure and gradients of the present stellar populations properties as a function of the Hubble type; and b) the role that plays the galaxy stellar mass and stellar mass surface density in governing the star formation history and metallicity enrichment of spheroids and the disks of galaxies. We apply the fossil record method based on spectral synthesis techniques to recover spatially and temporally resolved maps of stellar population properties of spheroi…
We use optical integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) data from 103 nearby galaxies at different stages of the merging event, from close pairs to merger remnants provided by the CALIFA survey, to study the impact of the interaction in the specific star formation and oxygen abundance on different galactic scales. To disentangle the effect of the interaction and merger from internal processes, we compared our results with a control sample of 80 non-interacting galaxies. We confirm the moderate enhancement (2-3 times) of specific star formation for interacting galaxies in central regions as reported …
We perform spatially resolved stellar population analysis for a sample of 69 early-type galaxies (ETGs) from the CALIFA integral field spectroscopic survey, including 48 ellipticals and 21 S0's. We generate and quantitatively characterize profiles of light-weighted mean stellar age and metallicity within $\lesssim 2R_e$, as a function of radius and stellar-mass surface density $μ_*$. We study in detail the dependence of profiles on galaxies' global properties, including velocity dispersion $σ_e$, stellar mass, morphology. ETGs are universally characterized by strong, negative metallicity gradi…
We present an updated version of the mass--metallicity relation (MZR) using integral field spectroscopy data obtained from 734 galaxies observed by the CALIFA survey. These unparalleled spatially resolved spectroscopic data allow us to determine the metallicity at the same physical scale ($\mathrm{R_{e}}$) for different calibrators. We obtain MZ relations with similar shapes for all calibrators, once the scale factors among them are taken into account. We do not find any significant secondary relation of the MZR with either the star formation rate (SFR) or the specific SFR for any of the calib…
While studies of gas-phase metallicity gradients in disc galaxies are common, very little has been done in the acquisition of stellar abundance gradients in the same regions. We present here a comparative study of the stellar metallicity and age distributions in a sample of 62 nearly face-on, spiral galaxies with and without bars, using data from the CALIFA survey. We measure the slopes of the gradients and study their relation with other properties of the galaxies. We find that the mean stellar age and metallicity gradients in the disc are shallow and negative. Furthermore, when normalized to…
Methods to recover the fossil record of galaxy evolution encoded in their optical spectra have been instrumental in processing the avalanche of data from mega-surveys along the last decade, effectively transforming observed spectra onto a long and rich list of physical properties: from stellar masses and mean ages to full star formation histories. This promoted progress in our understanding of galaxies as a whole. Yet, the lack of spatial resolution introduces undesirable aperture effects, and hampers advances on the internal physics of galaxies. This is now changing with 3D surveys. The mappi…
We analyze the spatially resolved star formation history of 300 nearby galaxies from the CALIFA integral field spectroscopic survey to investigate the radial structure and gradients of the present day stellar populations properties as a function of Hubble type and galaxy stellar mass. A fossil record method based on spectral synthesis techniques is used to recover spatially and temporally resolved maps of stellar population properties of spheroidal and spiral galaxies with masses $10^9$ to $7 \times 10^{11}$ M$_\odot$. The results show that galaxy-wide spatially averaged stellar population pro…
This work investigates the fundamental mechanism(s) that drive galaxy evolution in the Local Universe. By comparing two proxies of star-formation sensitive to different timescales, such as EW(H$α$) and colours like $g-r$, one may distinguish between smooth secular evolution (ageing) and sudden changes (quenching) on the recent star formation history of galaxies. Building upon the results obtained from a former study based on 80.000 SDSS single-fibre measurements, we now focus on spatially-resolved (on kpc scales) galaxies, comparing with a sample of 637 nearby objects observed by the CALIFA su…
Context: According to numerical simulations, stars are not always kept at their birth galactocentric distances but migrate. The importance of this radial migration in shaping galactic light distributions is still unclear. However, if it is indeed important, galaxies with different surface brightness (SB) profiles must display differences in their stellar population properties. Aims: We investigate the role of radial migration on the light distribution and the radial stellar content by comparing the inner colour, age and metallicity gradients for galaxies with different SB profiles. We define t…
We explore the effects of environment on star formation in late-type galaxies by studying the dependence of the radial profiles of specific star formation rate (sSFR) on environment and the stellar mass, using a sample of 275 late-type galaxies drawn from the CALIFA survey. We consider three different discrete environments: field galaxies, galaxies in pairs, and galaxies in groups, with stellar masses $9\le \log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) \le 12$, and compare their sSFR profiles across the environments. Our results suggest that the stellar mass is the main factor determining the sSFR profiles of lat…
We investigate the stellar population properties of passive spiral galaxies in the CALIFA survey. Nine spiral galaxies that have NUV-r > 5 and no/weak nebular emission lines in their spectra are selected as passive spirals. Our passive spirals lie in the redshift range of 0.001 < z < 0.021 and have stellar mass range of 10.2 < log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) < 10.8. They clearly lie in the domain of early-type galaxies in the WISE IR color-color diagram. We analyze the stellar populations out to two effective radius, using the best-fitting model to the measured absorption line-strength indices in the…
We study, for the first time in a statistically significant and well-defined sample, the relation between the outer-disk ionized-gas metallicity gradients and the presence of breaks in the surface brightness profiles of disk galaxies. SDSS g'- and r'-band surface brightness, (g'- r') color, and ionized-gas oxygen abundance profiles for 324 galaxies within the CALIFA survey are used for this purpose. We perform a detailed light-profile classification finding that 84% of our disks show down- or up-bending profiles (Type II and Type III, respectively) while the remaining 16% are well fitted by on…
We present here a brief summary of the status of the on-going CALIFA survey with an em- phasis on the results that have been recently published. In particular, we make a summary of the most relevant results found regarding the properties of Hii regions discovered using this survey, and the evidence uncovered for an inside-out growth of galaxies. In particular, we present an updated version of our results on the exploration of the Mass-Metallicity relation using spatial resolved information, with almost the double number of objects analysed, and an enlarged number of galaxies in the lower-mass …
We investigate the stellar population properties of bulges and disks separately for 34 S0s using integral field spectroscopy from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey. The spatially resolved stellar age and metallicity of bulge and disk components have been simultaneously estimated using the penalized pixel fitting method with photometrically defined weights for the two components. We find a tight correlation between age and metallicity for bulges, while the relation for disks has a larger scatter than that of bulges. This implies that the star formation histories of the disks are …
The metallicity of a supernova (SN) progenitor, together with its mass, is one of the main parameters that rules their outcome. We present a metallicity study of 115 nearby SN host galaxies (0.005<z<0.03) which hosted 142 SNe using Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) from the CALIFA survey. Using O3N2 we found no statistically significant differences between the gas-phase metallicities at the locations of the three main SN types (Ia, Ib/c and II) all having ~8.50$\pm$0.02 dex. The total galaxy metallicities are also very similar and we argue that this is because our sample consists only of SNe d…
We investigate barlenses in the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey galaxies, studying their morphologies, stellar populations and metallicities. Multi-component decompositions are made using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) images and making GALFIT models, fitting besides bulges, disks and bars, also barlenses, which are the face-on counterparts of Boxy/Peanut bulges. Similar GALFIT models as were made for the galaxies, were made also for the simulation snap-shots. For the stellar populations and metallicities in the various structure components CALIFA IFU-observations ar…
The Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey, a pioneer in integral field spectroscopy legacy projects, has fostered many studies exploring the information encoded on the spatially resolved data on gaseous and stellar features in the optical range of galaxies. We describe a value-added catalogue of stellar population properties for CALIFA galaxies analysed with the spectral synthesis code STARLIGHT and processed with the PyCASSO platform. Our public data base (http://pycasso.ufsc.br/, mirror at http://pycasso.iaa.es/) comprises 445 galaxies from the CALIFA Data Release 3 with COMB…
This paper characterizes the radial structure of stellar population properties of galaxies in the nearby universe, based on 300 galaxies from the CALIFA survey. The sample covers a wide range of Hubble types, and galaxy stellar mass. We apply the spectral synthesis techniques to recover the stellar mass surface density, stellar extinction, light and mass-weighted ages, and mass-weighted metallicity, for each spatial resolution element in our target galaxies. To study mean trends with overall galaxy properties, the individual radial profiles are stacked in seven bins of galaxy morphology. We co…
We derive maps of the observed velocity of ionized gas, the oxygen abundance, and the extinction (Balmer decrement) across the area of the four spiral galaxies NGC36, NGC180, NGC6063, and NGC7653 from integral field spectroscopy obtained by the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. We searched for spiral arms through Fourier analysis of the spatial distribution of three tracers (non-circular motion, enhancement of the oxygen abundance, and of the extinction) in the discs of our target galaxies. The spiral arms (two-armed logarithmic spirals in the deprojected map) are shown in…
Upcoming large-area narrow band photometric surveys, such as J-PAS, will enable us to observe a large number of galaxies simultaneously and efficiently. However, it will be challenging to analyse the spatially-resolved stellar populations of galaxies from such big data to investigate galaxy formation and evolutionary history. We have applied a convolutional neural network (CNN) technique, which is known to be computationally inexpensive once it is trained, to retrieve the metallicity and age from J-PAS-like narrow band images. The CNN was trained using mock J-PAS data created from the CALIFA I…
We characterize in detail the radial structure of the stellar population properties of 300 galaxies in the nearby universe, observed with integral field spectroscopy in the CALIFA survey. The sample covers a wide range of Hubble types, from spheroidal to spiral galaxies, ranging in stellar masses from $M_\star \sim 10^9$ to $7 \times 10^{11}$ $M_\odot$. We derive the stellar mass surface density ($μ_\star$), light-weighted and mass-weighted ages ($\langle {\rm log}\,age\rangle _L$, $\langle {\rm log}\,age\rangle _M$), and mass-weighted metallicity ($\langle {\rm log}\,Z_\star\rangle _M$), appl…
We present interferometric CO observations made with the Combined Array for Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) of galaxies from the Extragalactic Database for Galaxy Evolution survey (EDGE). These galaxies are selected from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) sample, mapped with optical integral field spectroscopy. EDGE provides good quality CO data (3$σ$ sensitivity $Σ_{\rm mol}$ $\sim$ 11 M$_\odot$ pc$^{-2}$ before inclination correction, resolution $\sim1.4$ kpc) for 126 galaxies, constituting the largest interferometric CO survey of galaxies in the nearby universe. We describ…
Galaxy evolution is generally affected by tidal interactions. Firstly, in this series, we reported several effects which suggest that tidal interactions contribute to regulating star formation (SF). To confirm that so, we now compare stellar mass assembly histories and SF look-back time annular profiles between CALIFA survey tidally and non-tidally perturbed galaxies. We pair their respective star-forming regions at the closest stellar mass surface densities to reduce the influence of stellar mass. The assembly histories and annular profiles show statistically significant differences so that h…
We present an extended version of the spectral synthesis code STARLIGHT designed to incorporate both $λ$-by-$λ$ spectra and photometric fluxes in the estimation of stellar population properties of galaxies. The code is tested with simulations and data for 260 galaxies culled from the CALIFA survey, spatially matching the 3700--7000 Å optical datacubes to GALEX near and far UV images. The sample spans E--Sd galaxies with masses from $10^9$ to $10^{12} M_\odot$ and stellar populations all the way from star-forming to old, passive systems. Comparing results derived from purely optical fits with t…
We have determined the Hα emission line radial profiles for a sample of 86 face-on galaxies observed in the CALIFA survey and analyzed with the Pipe3D pipeline. From a visual analysis we propose a two step classification of these profiles. Initially, they were divided in two classes with respect to the maximum of the Hα emission: C (for central) profiles have the maximum line emission at the galaxy center, whereas EX (for extended) profiles have the maximum Hα emission outside the galaxy center. After, we divided the C galaxies in two classes, CE and CL (where E and L stands here for 'early' a…
The spatial variations of stellar population properties within a galaxy are intimately related to their formation process. Therefore, spatially resolved studies of galaxies are essential to uncover their formation and assembly. The Javalambre Photometric Local Universe Survey (J-PLUS) is a dedicated multi-filter designed to observed ~8500 deg2 using twelve narrow-, intermediate- and broad-band filters in the optical range. In this study, we test the potential of the multi-filter observation carried out with J-PLUS to investigate the properties of spatially-resolved nearby galaxies. We present …
We use spatially resolved spectroscopy from the Calar Alto Legacy Field Area (CALIFA) survey to study the nature of the line emitting gas in galaxies of different Hubble types, focusing on the separation of star-forming (SF) regions from those better characterized as diffuse ionized gas (DIG). The diagnosis is carried out in terms of the equivalent width of ${\rm H}α$ ($W_{{\rm H}α}$). Three nebular regimes are identified. Regions where $W_{{\rm H}α} < 3\ Å$ define what we call the hDIG, the component of the DIG where photoionization is dominated by hot, low-mass, evolved stars. Regions where …
The velocity function is a fundamental observable statistic of the galaxy population, similarly impor- tant as the luminosity function, but much more difficult to measure. In this work we present the first directly measured circular velocity function that is representative between 60 < v_circ < 320 km/s for galaxies of all morphological types at a given rotation velocity. For the low mass galaxy population (60 < v_circ < 170 km/s), we use the HIPASS velocity function. For the massive galaxy population (170 < v_circ < 320 km/s), we use stellar circular velocities from the Calar Alto Legacy Inte…
We measure the star formation rate (SFR) per unit gas mass and the star formation efficiency (SFE$_{\rm gas}$ for total gas, SFE$_{\rm mol}$ for the molecular gas) in 81 nearby galaxies selected from the EDGE-CALIFA survey, using $^{12}$CO(J=1-0) and optical IFU data. For this analysis we stack CO spectra coherently by using the velocities of H$α$ detections to detect fainter CO emission out to galactocentric radii $r_{\rm gal} \sim 1.2 r_{25}$ ($\sim 3 R_{\rm e}$), and include the effects of metallicity and high surface densities in the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion. We determine the scale lengths f…
Differential enrichment between $α$- and Fe-peak elements is known to be strongly connected with the shape of the star formation history (SFH), the star formation efficiency (SFE), the inflow and outflow of material, and even the shape of the Initial Mass Function (IMF). However, beyond the Local Group detailed explorations are mostly limited to early-type galaxies due to the lack of a good proxy for [$α$/Fe] in late-type ones, limiting our understanding of the chemical enrichment process. We intent to extend the explorations of [$α$/Fe] to late-type galaxies, in order to understand the detail…
We describe and discuss the selection procedure and statistical properties of the galaxy sample used by the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey (CALIFA), a public legacy survey of 600 galaxies using integral field spectroscopy. The CALIFA "mother sample" was selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7 photometric catalogue to include all galaxies with an r-band isophotal major axis between 45" and 79.2" and with a redshift 0.005 < z < 0.03. The mother sample contains 939 objects, 600 of which will be observed in the course of the CALIFA survey. The selection of targets for o…
We study the presence of optically-selected Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) within a sample of 867 galaxies extracted from the extended {\it Calar-Alto Legacy Integral Field spectroscopy Area} (eCALIFA) spanning all morphological classes. We identify 10 Type-I and 24 Type-II AGNs, amounting to $\sim4$ per cent of our sample, similar to the fraction reported by previous explorations in the same redshift range. We compare the integrated properties of the ionized and molecular gas, and stellar population of AGN hosts and their non-active counterparts, combining them with morphological information. …
Based on the stellar orbit distribution derived from orbit-superposition Schwarzschild models, we decompose each of 250 representative present-day galaxies into four orbital components: cold with strong rotation, warm with weak rotation, hot with dominant random motion and counter-rotating (CR). We rebuild the surface brightness ($Σ$) of each orbital component and we present in figures and tables a quantification of their morphologies using the Sersic index \textit{n}, concentration $C = \log{(Σ_{0.1R_e}/Σ_{R_e})}$ and intrinsic flattening $q_{\mathrm{Re}}$ and $q_{\mathrm{Rmax}}$, with $R_e$ …
We present the relation between the star formation rate surface density, $Σ_{\rm SFR}$, and the hydrostatic mid-plane pressure, P$_{\rm h}$, for 4260 star-forming regions of kpc size located in 96 galaxies included in the EDGE-CALIFA survey covering a wide range of stellar masses and morphologies. We find that these two parameters are tightly correlated, exhibiting smaller scatter and strong correlation in comparison to other star-forming scaling relations. A power-law, with a slightly sub-linear index, is a good representation of this relation. Locally, the residuals of this correlation show …
We used ionized gas and stellar kinematics for 667 spatially resolved galaxies publicly available from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey (CALIFA) 3rd Data Release with the aim of studying kinematic scaling relations as the Tully $\&$ Fisher (TF) relation using rotation velocity, $V_{rot}$, the Faber $\&$ Jackson (FJ) relation using velocity dispersion, $σ$, and also a combination of $V_{rot}$ and $σ$ through the $S_{K}$ parameter defined as $S_{K}^2 = KV_{rot}^2 + σ^2$ with constant $K$. Late-type and early-type galaxies reproduce the TF and FJ relations. Some early-type galaxie…
Shocks and torques produced by non-axisymmetric structures such as spiral arms and bars may transport gas to galaxy central regions. We test this hypothesis by studying the dependence of concentration of CO luminosity ($C_{CO}$), molecular gas ($C_{mol}$), and star formation rate ($C_{SFR}$) in central $\sim$ 2 kpc on the $strength$ of non-axisymmetric disk structure using a sample of 57 disk galaxies selected from the EDGE-CALIFA survey. $C_{mol}$ is calculated using a CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor that decreases with higher metallicity and higher stellar surface density. We find that $C_{mol…
Schwarzschild orbit-based dynamical models are widely used to uncover the internal dynamics of early-type galaxies and globular clusters. Here we present for the first time the Schwarzschild models of late-type galaxies: an SBb galaxy NGC 4210 and an S0 galaxy NGC 6278 from the CALIFA survey. The mass profiles within $2\,R_e$ are constrained well with $1σ$ statistical error of $\sim 10\%$. The luminous and dark mass can be disentangled with uncertainties of $\sim 20\%$ and $\sim 50\%$ respectively. From $R_e$ to $2\,R_e$, the dark matter fraction increases from $14\pm10\%$ to $18\pm10\%$ for N…
We present the stellar kinematic maps of a large sample of galaxies from the integral-field spectroscopic survey CALIFA. The sample comprises 300 galaxies displaying a wide range of morphologies across the Hubble sequence, from ellipticals to late-type spirals. This dataset allows us to homogeneously extract stellar kinematics up to several effective radii. In this paper, we describe the level of completeness of this subset of galaxies with respect to the full CALIFA sample, as well as the virtues and limitations of the kinematic extraction compared to other well-known integral-field surveys. …
We investigate the cosmic evolution of the absolute and specific star formation rate (SFR, sSFR) of galaxies as derived from a spatially-resolved study of the stellar populations in a set of 366 nearby galaxies from the CALIFA survey. The analysis combines GALEX and SDSS images with the 4000 break, H_beta, and [MgFe] indices measured from the datacubes, to constrain parametric models for the SFH, which are then used to study the cosmic evolution of the star formation rate density (SFRD), the sSFR, the main sequence of star formation (MSSF), and the stellar mass density (SMD). A delayed-tau mod…
The intrinsic shape of galactic bulges in nearby galaxies provides crucial information to separate bulge types. We intended to derive accurate constraints to the intrinsic shape of bulges to provide new clues on their formation mechanisms and set new limitations for future simulations. We retrieved the intrinsic shape of a sample of CALIFA bulges using a statistical approach. Taking advantage of GalMer numerical simulations of binary mergers we estimated the reliability of the procedure. Analyzing the $i$-band mock images of resulting lenticular remnants, we studied the intrinsic shape of thei…
We present an empirical relation between the cold gas surface density ($Σ_{\rm gas}$) and the optical extinction (${\rm A_V}$) in a sample of 103 galaxies from the Extragalactic Database for Galaxy Evolution (EDGE) survey. This survey provides CARMA interferometric CO observations for 126 galaxies included in the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. The matched, spatially resolved nature of these data sets allows us to derive the $Σ_{\rm gas}$-${\rm A_V}$ relation on global, radial, and kpc (spaxel) scales. We determine ${\rm A_V}$ from the Balmer decrement (H$α$/H$β$). We fi…
The aim of this paper is to characterize the radial structure of the star formation rate (SFR) in galaxies in the nearby Universe as represented by the CALIFA survey. The sample under study contains 416 galaxies observed with IFS, covering a wide range of Hubble types and stellar masses. Spectral synthesis techniques are applied to obtain radial profiles of the intensity of the star formation rate in the recent past, and the local sSFR. To emphasize the behavior of these properties for galaxies that are on and off the main sequence of star formation (MSSF) we stack the individual radial profil…
We revisit the relation between the stellar surface density, the gas surface density, and the gas-phase metallicity of typical disk galaxies in the local Universe with the SDSS-IV/MaNGA survey, using the star formation rate surface density as an indicator for the gas surface density. We show that these three local parameters form a tight relationship, confirming previous works (e.g., by the PINGS and CALIFA surveys), but with a larger sample. We present a new local leaky-box model, assuming star formation history and chemical evolution is localized except for outflowing materials. We derive cl…
This paper describes the Third Public Data Release (DR3) of the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. Science-grade quality data for 667 galaxies are made public, including the 200 galaxies of the Second Public Data Release (DR2). Data were obtained with the integral-field spectrograph PMAS/PPak mounted on the 3.5m telescope at the Calar Alto Observatory. Three different spectral setups are available, i) a low-resolution V500 setup covering the wavelength range 3749-7500 AA (4240-7140 AA unvignetted) with a spectral resolution of 6.0 AA (FWHM), for 646 galaxies, ii) a medium-r…
We introduce a novel non-parametric method to find solar neighborhood analogs (SNAs) in extragalactic IFS surveys. The main ansatz is that the physical properties of the solar neighborhood (SN) should be encoded in its optical stellar spectrum. We assume that our best estimate of such spectrum is the one extracted from the analysis performed by the Code for Stellar properties Heuristic Assignment (\textsc{CoSHA}) from the MaStar stellar library. It follows that finding SNAs in other galaxies consist in matching, in a $χ^2$ sense, the SN reference spectrum across the optical extent of the obser…
One way the AGN are expected to influence the evolution of their host galaxies is by removing metal content via outflows. In this article we present results that show that AGN can have an effect on the chemical enrichment of their host galaxies using the fossil record technique on CALIFA galaxies. We classified the chemical enrichment histories of all galaxies in our sample regarding whether they show a drop in the value of their metallicity. We find that galaxies currently hosting an AGN are more likely to show this drop in their metal content compared to the quiescent sample. Once we separat…
This paper describes the Second Public Data Release (DR2) of the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. The data for 200 objects are made public, including the 100 galaxies of the First Public Data Release (DR1). Data were obtained with the integral-field spectrograph PMAS/PPak mounted on the 3.5 m telescope at the Calar Alto observatory. Two different spectral setups are available for each galaxy, (i) a low-resolution V500 setup covering the wavelength range 3745-7500 Å with a spectral resolution of 6.0 Å (FWHM), and (ii) a medium-resolution V1200 setup covering the wavelength…
We present a kpc-scale analysis of the relationship between the molecular depletion time ($τ_\mathrm{dep}^\mathrm{mol}$) and the orbital time ($τ_\mathrm{orb}$) across the field of 39 face-on local galaxies, selected from the EDGE-CALIFA sample. We find that, on average, 5% of the available molecular gas is converted into stars per orbital time, or $τ_\mathrm{dep}^\mathrm{mol}\sim20τ_\mathrm{orb}$. The resolved relation shows a scatter of $\sim0.5$ dex. The scatter is ascribable to galaxies of different morphologies that follow different $τ_\mathrm{dep}^\mathrm{mol}-τ_\mathrm{orb}$ relations w…
This paper presents the spatially resolved star formation history (SFH) of nearby galaxies with the aim of furthering our understanding of the different processes involved in the formation and evolution of galaxies. To this end, we apply the fossil record method of stellar population synthesis to a rich and diverse data set of 436 galaxies observed with integral field spectroscopy in the CALIFA survey. The sample covers a wide range of Hubble types, with stellar masses ranging from $M_\star \sim 10^9$ to $7 \times 10^{11} M_\odot$. Spectral synthesis techniques are applied to the datacubes to …
We analysed the optical spectra of HII regions extracted from a sample of 350 galaxies of the CALIFA survey. We calculated total O/H abundances and, for the first time, N/O ratios using the semi-empirical routine HII-CHI-mistry, which, according to Pérez-Montero (2014), is consistent with the direct method and reduces the uncertainty in the O/H derivation using [NII] lines owing to the dispersion in the O/H-N/O relation. Then we performed linear fittings to the abundances as a function of the de-projected galactocentric distances. The analysis of the radial distribution both for O/H and N/O in…
The CALIFA team has recently found that the stellar angular momentum and concentration of late-type spiral galaxies are incompatible with those of lenticular galaxies (S0s), concluding that fading alone cannot satisfactorily explain the evolution from spirals into S0s. Here we explore whether major mergers can provide an alternative way to transform spirals into S0s by analysing the spiral-spiral major mergers from the GalMer database that lead to realistic, relaxed S0-like galaxies. We find that the change in stellar angular momentum and concentration can explain the differences in the $λ_\ma…
[Abridged] We present the apparent stellar angular momentum of 300 galaxies across the Hubble sequence, using integral-field spectroscopic data from the CALIFA survey. Adopting the same $λ_\mathrm{R}$ parameter previously used to distinguish between slow and fast rotating early-type (elliptical and lenticular) galaxies, we show that spiral galaxies as expected are almost all fast rotators. Given the extent of our data, we provide relations for $λ_\mathrm{R}$ measured in different apertures, including conversions to long-slit 1D apertures. Our sample displays a wide range of $λ_\mathrm{Re}$ val…
We present a galaxy classification system for 238 (E1-Sdm) CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) galaxies based on the shapes and amplitudes of their circular velocity curves (CVCs). We infer the CVCs from the de-projected surface brightness of the galaxies, after scaling by a constant mass-to-light ratio based on stellar dynamics - solving axisymmetric Jeans equations via fitting the second velocity moment $V_{\mathrm{rms}}=\sqrt{V^2+σ^2}$ of the stellar kinematics. We use principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the CVC shapes to find characteristic features and use a $k$-means…
