带探测器的泰坦旗舰级轨道飞行器的科学案例
The Science Case for a Titan Flagship-class Orbiter with Probes
摘要：
我们概述了旗舰级的任务概念，重点是研究泰坦作为一个全球系统，特别强调极地地区。从极轨道这一独特的角度对土卫六进行研究，将能够绘制全面的全球地图，揭示大气层的物理和化学性质，以及土卫六表面和地下的地形和地球物理环境。该任务包括两个关键要素：（1）一个轨道航天器，它也作为数据中继，（2）一个或多个小型探测器，直接调查泰坦的海洋，并对其液体成分和物理环境进行首次直接测量。该轨道器将携带一个复杂的遥感有效载荷，包括一个新型地形激光雷达、一个长波长表面穿透雷达、一个用于探测风和中间层/热层成分的亚毫米探测器，以及一个照相机和近红外光谱仪。一套分析粒子和场的仪器将包括一个质谱仪，重点研究土卫六逃逸的高层大气与太阳风和土星磁层之间的相互作用。轨道飞行器将进入1500至1800公里左右的稳定极轨道，从这个有利位置，它将绘制大气层和地表的全球地图。从轨道飞行器释放的一个或多个探测器将在原地调查土卫六的海洋，包括高纬度和低纬度海洋之间可能存在的成分差异，以及降落伞下降期间的大气。探测器的数量，以及轨道器和探测器上的仪器补充，仍有待在任务研究期间最终确定，我们建议NASA作为NRC行星科学十年调查的一部分，目标是“小型旗舰”类别的总任务成本约为20亿美元。与卡西尼-惠更斯号类似的国际伙伴关系也可列入审议范围。
英文摘要：
We outline a flagship-class mission concept focused on studying Titan as a global system, with particular emphasis on the polar regions. Investigating Titan from the unique standpoint of a polar orbit would enable comprehensive global maps to uncover the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, and the topography and geophysical environment of the surface and subsurface. The mission includes two key elements: (1) an orbiter spacecraft, which also acts as a data relay, and (2) one or more small probes to directly investigate Titan's seas and make the first direct measurements of their liquid composition and physical environment. The orbiter would carry a sophisticated remote sensing payload, including a novel topographic lidar, a long-wavelength surface-penetrating radar, a sub-millimeter sounder for winds and for mesospheric/thermospheric composition, and a camera and near-infrared spectrometer. An instrument suite to analyze particles and fields would include a mass spectrometer to focus on the interactions between Titan's escaping upper atmosphere and the solar wind and Saturnian magnetosphere. The orbiter would enter a stable polar orbit around 1500 to 1800 km, from which vantage point it would make global maps of the atmosphere and surface. One or more probes, released from the orbiter, would investigate Titan's seas in situ, including possible differences in composition between higher and lower latitude seas, as well as the atmosphere during the parachute descent. The number of probes, as well as the instrument complement on the orbiter and probe, remain to be finalized during a mission study that we recommend to NASA as part of the NRC Decadal Survey for Planetary Science now underway, with the goal of an overall mission cost in the "small flagship" category of ~$2 bn. International partnerships, similar to Cassini-Huygens, may also be included for consideration.
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