胶体系统中的指数快速冷却
Exponentially faster cooling in a colloidal system
摘要：
当冷却物体的温度随着它松弛到热平衡而降低时，直觉上认为热的物体应该比热的物体花费更长的时间来冷却。然而，大约2,300年前，亚里士多德观察到“要使热水迅速冷却，首先要将其放在阳光下”。在20世纪60年代，这种违反直觉的现象被重新发现，即“热水可以比冷水更快地冻结”，并被称为Mpemba效应;此后，它一直是许多实验研究和一些争议的主题。虽然已经提出了许多具体的机制，但对于根本原因还没有普遍的共识。在这里，我们展示了Mpemba效应在一个受控的设置-热淬火的胶体系统浸泡在水中，这是一个热浴。我们的结果是可重复的，并同意定量计算的基础上最近提出的理论框架。通过仔细选择参数，我们观察到的冷却是指数速度比观察到的典型参数，符合最近预测的强Mpemba效应。我们的实验概述了加速散热和弛豫达到热平衡所需的一般条件，并支持了这样一种观点，即姆彭巴效应不仅仅是一种关于水如何冻结成冰的科学好奇心-水的许多异常特征之一-而是广泛的具有广泛技术重要性的异常弛豫现象的原型。
英文摘要：
As the temperature of a cooling object decreases as it relaxes to thermal equilibrium, it is intuitively assumed that a hot object should take longer to cool than a warm one. Yet, some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle observed that "to cool hot water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun". In the 1960s, this counterintuitive phenomenon was rediscovered as the statement that "hot water can freeze faster than cold water" and has become known as the Mpemba effect; it has since been the subject of much experimental investigation and some controversy. Although many specific mechanisms have been proposed, no general consensus exists as to the underlying cause. Here we demonstrate the Mpemba effect in a controlled setting - the thermal quench of a colloidal system immersed in water, which serves as a heat bath. Our results are reproducible and agree quantitatively with calculations based on a recently proposed theoretical framework. By carefully choosing parameters, we observe cooling that is exponentially faster than that observed using typical parameters, in accord with the recently predicted strong Mpemba effect. Our experiments outline the generic conditions needed to accelerate heat removal and relaxation to thermal equilibrium and support the idea that the Mpemba effect is not simply a scientific curiosity concerning how water freezes into ice - one of the many anomalous features of water - but rather the prototype for a wide range of anomalous relaxation phenomena of broad technological importance.
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