Type II supernovae (SNe) interacting with disklike circumstellar matter (CSM) have been suggested as an explanation of some unusual Type II SNe, e.g., the so-called "impossible" SN, iPTF14hls. There are some radiation hydrodynamics simulations for such SNe interacting with a CSM disk. However, such disk interaction models so far have not included the effect of the ionization and recombination processes in the SN ejecta, i.e., the fact that the photosphere of Type IIP SNe between $\sim 10$-$\sim 100$ days is regulated by the hydrogen recombination front. We calculate light curves for Type IIP SNe interacting with a CSM disk viewed from the polar direction, and examine the effects of the disk density and opening angle on their bolometric light curves. This work embeds the shock interaction model of Moriya, et al. (2013) within the Type IIP SN model of Kasen & Woosley (2009), for taking into account the effects of the ionization and recombination in the SN ejecta. We demonstrate that such interacting SNe show three phases with different photometric and spectroscopic properties, following the change in the energy source: First few tens days after explosion (Phase 1), $\sim 10 - \sim 100$ days (Phase 2) and days after that (Phase 3). From the calculations, we conclude that such hidden CSM disk cannot account for overluminous Type IIP SNe. We find that the luminosity ratio between Phase 1 and Phase 2 has information on the opening angle of the CSM disk. We thus encourage early photometric and spectroscopic observations of interacting SNe for investigating their CSM geometry.
Observations of Type II supernovae imply that a large fraction of its progenitors experience enhanced mass loss years to decades before core collapse, creating a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Assuming that the CSM is produced by a single mass eruption event, we analytically model the density profile of the resulting CSM. We find that a double power-law profile, where the inner (outer) power-law index has a characteristic value of -1.5 (-10 to -12), gives a good fit to the CSM profile obtained using radiation hydrodynamical simulations. With our profile the CSM is well described by just two…
Supernovae interacting with Si and S-rich circumstellar matter from double white dwarf mergers
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences（日本国立天文台，日本国立科学研究所）；Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI（综合研究大学院大学）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University（蒙纳士大学物理与天文学学院）；International Center of Supernovae (ICESUN), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Supernova Research, Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台超新星国际研究中心（ICESUN），云南省超新星研究重点实验室）
Using ultraviolet (UV) light curves we constrain the circumstellar environments of 1080 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) within $z<0.5$ from archival Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) observations. All SNe Ia are required to have pre- and post-explosion GALEX observations to ensure adequate subtraction of the host-galaxy flux. Using the late-time GALEX observations we look for the UV excess expected from any interaction between the SN ejecta and circumstellar material (CSM). Four SNe Ia are detected near maximum light and we compare the GALEX photometry to archival data, but we find none of our tar…
Observational signatures of the circumstellar material (CSM) around Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide a unique perspective on their progenitor systems. The pre-supernova evolution of the SN progenitors may naturally eject CSM in most of the popular scenarios of SN Ia explosions. In this study, we investigate the influence of dust scattering on the light curves and polarizations of SNe Ia. A Monte Carlo method is constructed to numerically solve the process of radiative transfer through the CSM. Three types of geometric distributions of the CSM are considered: spherical shell, axisymmetric di…
Signatures of Circumstellar Interaction in the Type IIL Supernova ASASSN-15oz
富氢、核心坍缩的超新星通常分为四类：IIP、IIL、IIn和IIb。一般来说，与星周物质的相互作用只被认为是IIn型超新星。然而，最近对IIP和IIL超新星的流体动力学建模需要星周物质来重现它们早期的光变曲线。在这种情况下，IIL超新星在爆炸前经历了大量的质量损失。我们在ASASSN-15 oz上测试了这一假设，这是一颗IIL型超新星。随着X射线、紫外线、光学、红外线和无线电的广泛跟踪，我们提出了我们对相互作用迹象的搜索，以及由它们的检测所指示的质量损失历史。我们发现的证据表明，短暂的激烈的质量损失之前，爆炸的光变曲线建模，相当于在1.5 M $_{\odot}$的材料在1800 R $_{\odot}$的祖先。我们还检测到超新星的无线电，表明质量损失率$10^{-6}-10^{-7}$ M $_{\odot}$年$^{-1}$之前的极端质量损失期。我们未能在X射线中探测到这颗超新星，在紫外线、可见光和近红外线中也没有窄的发射谱线，这些都与这幅图并不矛盾，并在$<10^{-4}$ M $_{\odot}$ yr $^{-1}$的极端周期之外设定了质量损失率的上限。本文强调了收集更多II型超新星的全面数据的重要性，以便详细建模的祖星和超新星，可以阐明他们的质量损失历史和包络结构，从而告知恒星演化模型。
Double peaked light curves are observed for some Type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic) including LSQ14efd, iPTF15dtg and SN 2020bvc. One possible explanation of the first peak would be shock-cooling emission from massive extended material around the progenitor, which is produced by mass eruption or rapid expansion of the outermost layers of the progenitor shortly before the supernova explosion. We investigate the effects of such circumstellar matter (CSM) on the multi-band optical light curves of SNe Ic using the radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA. Two different SNe Ic progenitor masses at the pre-SN s…
On the 'snow-plow' phase of supernovae interacting with dense circumstellar media
最近，Moriya等人（2013年）开发了一个超新星与致密的星周介质相互作用的分析测热光变曲线模型。由于星周介质的致密性，激波区被假定为辐射区，形成一个薄的致密壳层。该模型是基于冲击致密壳层的动量守恒。然而，Ofek等人（2014年）提到分析模型忽略了冲击致密壳层的“雪犁”阶段。“雪犁”或动量守恒阶段是指超新星喷出物的动量注入几乎终止，辐射冲击致密壳层仅由于超新星喷出物先前提供的动量而继续移动的时期。在本说明中，我澄清Moriya et al.（2013）的分析模型确实考虑了“扫雪”阶段，Ofek et al.（2014）的批评是不正确的。此外，Ofek等人（2014年）将SN 2010 jl II型的光变曲线中观测到的亮度突变与向“雪犁”阶段的转变联系起来。然而，我认为，突然过渡到“雪犁”阶段是不一致的SN 2010jl中观察到的光度突变。光度突变很可能与其他现象有关，如致密壳层离开星周介质的致密部分。
Type Ibn supernovae (SNe) are a mysterious class of transients whose spectra exhibit persistently narrow HeI lines, and whose bolometric light curves are typically fast evolving and overluminous at peak relative to standard Type Ibc SNe. We explore the interaction scenario of such Type Ibn SNe by performing radiation-hydrodynamics and radiative-transfer calculations. We find that standard-energy helium-star explosions within dense wind-like circumstellar material (CSM) can reach on day timescales a peak luminosity of a few 10^44 erg/s, reminiscent of exceptional events like AT2018cow. Similar …
In the last 20 years, modern wide-field surveys discovered a new class of peculiar transients, which lie in the luminosity gap between standard supernovae and classical novae. These transients are often called 'intermediate luminosity optical transients' or 'gap transients'. They are usually distinguished in subgroups based on their phenomenology, such as supernova impostors, intermediate luminosity red transients, and luminous red novae. In this review, we present a brief overview of their observational features and possible physical scenarios to date, in the attempt to understand their natur…
This work aims to study different probes of Type Ia supernova progenitors that have been suggested to be linked to the presence of circumstellar material (CSM). In particular, we have investigated, for the first time, the link between narrow blueshifted NaID absorption profiles and the presence and strength of the broad high-velocity CaII near infrared triplet absorption features seen in Type Ia supernovae around maximum light. With the probes exploring different distances from the supernova; NaID > 10$^{17}$cm, high-velocity CaII features < 10$^{15}$cm. For this, we have used a new intermedia…
Evidence for asymmetric distribution of circumstellar material around Type Ia Supernovae
我们研究了低速材料的性质，在视线对附近的Ia型超新星（SNe Ia），已测量晚相星云速度变化（v_neb），被认为是一个独立于环境的观察。我们发现，Na I D1 & D2和Ca II H & K窄混合吸收线的等效宽度分布在具有负和正v_neb的SNe Ia之间有显著差异，而v_neb > 0的SNe Ia的吸收一般较强。类似的结果已经发现以前的颜色分布的超新星Ia，这被解释为一个依赖于温度的喷出物与视角。我们的工作表明：1）这些颜色差异的很大一部分应归因于消光，2）这种消光是由星周物质（CSM）的不对称分布引起的，3）CSM吸收通常在与点火发生相反的喷出物一侧更强。由于很难通过爆炸前发生的任何已知物理过程来解释3），我们认为CSM的不对称性是由爆炸后发生点火的喷出物一侧较强的电离通量引起的，可能是由于喷出物一侧较强的冲击爆发和/或更多暴露的放射性物质。这一结果对祖细胞和爆炸模型都有重要意义。
Circumstellar Medium of Supernovae as New Probes for Feebly Interacting Particles
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)（韩国科学技术院）；Institute for Basic Science（基础科学研究院）；Academia Sinica（中央研究院）；National Center for Theoretical Sciences（国家理论科学中心）；Kyungpook National University（庆北国立大学）
The bolometric light curve modeling of 98 Type I superluminous supernovae using the magnetar- and the circumstellar interaction models reveals surprisingly high ejecta masses
I explore a phenomenon of the circumstellar H alpha and H beta absorption lines in the spectrum of luminous type IIL SN 2008fq taken on day 6.8 after the discovery. The absorpion is identified with the radiatively accelerated preshock wind up to ~800 km/s. The required initial luminosity is attributed to the earlier circumstellar interaction with the confined dense shell of ~0.08 Msun. The modelling of similar luminous type IIL SN 1998S based on the same approach results in the comparable shell mass of ~0.1 Msun. More than 1 dex larger mass of the confined dense shell of both SNe IIL compared …
Analytical modeling of polarization signals arising from confined circumstellar material in Type II supernovae
University of Turku（图尔库大学）；Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory（阿尔托大学梅萨霍维射电天文台）；Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering（阿尔托大学电子与纳米工程系）；Kyoto University（京都大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）
In supernovae (SNe), where the light curves show evidence of strong and early interaction between the ejecta and the circumstellar matter (CSM), the formation of new dust is estimated to take place in a dense shell of gas between the forward (FS) and the reverse shock (RS). For the first time, in this study, the mechanism of dust formation in this dense shell is modeled. A set of 9 cases, considering variations of the ejecta mass, and the pre-explosion mass-loss rates is considered, accounting for the diverse nature of interactions reported in such SNe. For a single main sequence mass, the var…
