With the increased size and complexity of seismic surveys, manual labeling of seismic facies has become a significant challenge. Application of automatic methods for seismic facies interpretation could significantly reduce the manual labor and subjectivity of a particular interpreter present in conventional methods. A recently emerged group of methods is based on deep neural networks. These approaches are data-driven and require large labeled datasets for network training. We apply a deep convolutional autoencoder for unsupervised seismic facies classification, which does not require manually labeled examples. The facies maps are generated by clustering the deep-feature vectors obtained from the input data. Our method yields accurate results on real data and provides them instantaneously. The proposed approach opens up possibilities to analyze geological patterns in real time without human intervention.
Seismic facies identification plays a significant role in reservoir characterization. It helps in identifying the various lithological and stratigraphical changes in reservoir properties. With the increase in the size of seismic data or number of attributes to be analyzed, the manual process for facies identification becomes complicated and time-consuming. Even though seismic attributes add multiple dimensions to the data, their role in reservoir characterization is very crucial. There exist different linear transformation methods that use seismic attributes for identification, characterizatio…
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；University of Silesia（西里西亚大学）
The recent interest in using deep learning for seismic interpretation tasks, such as facies classification, has been facing a significant obstacle, namely the absence of large publicly available annotated datasets for training and testing models. As a result, researchers have often resorted to annotating their own training and testing data. However, different researchers may annotate different classes, or use different train and test splits. In addition, it is common for papers that apply machine learning for facies classification to not contain quantitative results, and rather rely solely on …
Deep learning applications of seismic reservoir characterization often require generation of synthetic data to augment available sparse labeled data. An approach for generating synthetic training data consists of specifying probability distributions modeling prior geologic uncertainty on reservoir properties and forward modeling the seismic data. A prior falsification approach is critical to establish the consistency of the synthetic training data distribution with real seismic data. With the help of a real case study of facies classification with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) from an o…
The aim of this work was to predict the probability of the spread of rock formations with hydrocarbon-collecting properties in the studied coastal area using a stack of machine learning algorithms and data augmentation and modification methods. This research develops the direction of machine learning where training is conducted on well data and spatial attributes. Methods for overcoming the limitations of this direction are shown, two methods - augmentation and modification of the well data sample: Spindle and Revers-Calibration. Considering the difficulties for seismic data interpretation in …
Machine learning and, more specifically, deep learning algorithms have seen remarkable growth in their popularity and usefulness in the last years. This is arguably due to three main factors: powerful computers, new techniques to train deeper networks and larger datasets. Although the first two are readily available in modern computers and ML libraries, the last one remains a challenge for many domains. It is a fact that big data is a reality in almost all fields nowadays, and geosciences are not an exception. However, to achieve the success of general-purpose applications such as ImageNet - f…
Bayesian geophysical basin modeling (BGBM) methodology is an interdisciplinary workflow that incorporates data, geological expertise, and physical processes through Bayesian inference in sedimentary basin models. Its application culminates in subsurface models that integrate the geo-history of a basin, rock physics definitions, well log and drilling data, and seismic information. Monte Carlo basin modeling realizations are performed by sampling from prior probability distributions on facies parameters and basin boundary conditions. After data assimilation, the accepted set of posterior sub-sur…
We present a wave-equation inversion method that inverts skeletonized data for the subsurface velocity model. The skeletonized representation of the seismic traces consists of the low-rank latent-space variables predicted by a well-trained autoencoder neural network. The input to the autoencoder is the recorded common shot gathers, and the implicit function theorem is used to determine the perturbation of the skeletonized data with respect to the velocity perturbation. The final velocity model is the one that best predicts the observed latent-space parameters. Empirical results suggest that th…
Seismic data processing heavily relies on the solution of physics-driven inverse problems. In the presence of unfavourable data acquisition conditions (e.g., regular or irregular coarse sampling of sources and/or receivers), the underlying inverse problem becomes very ill-posed and prior information is required to obtain a satisfactory solution. Sparsity-promoting inversion, coupled with fixed-basis sparsifying transforms, represent the go-to approach for many processing tasks due to its simplicity of implementation and proven successful application in a variety of acquisition scenarios. Lever…
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）
The idea of using a deep autoencoder to encode seismic waveform features and then use them in different seismological applications is appealing. In this paper, we designed tests to evaluate this idea of using autoencoders as feature extractors for different seismological applications, such as event discrimination (i.e., earthquake vs. noise waveforms, earthquake vs. explosion waveforms, and phase picking). These tests involve training an autoencoder, either undercomplete or overcomplete, on a large amount of earthquake waveforms, and then using the trained encoder as a feature extractor with s…
Los Alamos National Laboratory（洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
4D seismic imaging has been widely used in CO$_2$ sequestration projects to monitor the fluid flow in the volumetric subsurface region that is not sampled by wells. Ideally, real-time monitoring and near-future forecasting would provide site operators with great insights to understand the dynamics of the subsurface reservoir and assess any potential risks. However, due to obstacles such as high deployment cost, availability of acquisition equipment, exclusion zones around surface structures, only very sparse seismic imaging data can be obtained during monitoring. That leads to an unavoidable a…
Newtonian machine learning (NML) is a wave-equation inversion method that inverts single-dimensional latent space (LS) features of the seismic data for retrieving the subsurface background velocity model. The single-dimensional LS features mainly contain the kinematic information of the seismic data, which are automatically extracted from the seismic signal by using an autoencoder network. Because its LS feature dimension is too small to preserve the dynamic information, such as the waveform variations, of the seismic data. Therefore the NML inversion is not able to recover the high-wavenumber…
Direction-Aware Masked Pretraining on 3D Seismic Data with Transfer to Cross-Area Acoustic Impedance Inversion
State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China)（中国石油大学（华东）油气藏地质与开发国家重点实验室）；College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China)（中国石油大学（华东）计算机科学与技术学院）
We present a new seismic inversion method that uses deep learning (DL) features for the subsurface velocity model estimation. The DL feature is a low-dimensional representation of the high-dimensional seismic data, which is automatically generated by a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) and preserved in the latent space. The low-dimensional DL feature contains the key information of the input seismic data. Therefore, instead of directly comparing the waveform differences between the observed and predicted data, such as full-waveform inversion (FWI). We measure their DL feature differences in the …
Recent progresses in artificial intelligence and machine learning make it possible to automatically identify seismic phases from exponentially growing seismic data. Despite some exciting successes in automatic picking of the first P- and S-wave arrivals, auto-identification of later seismic phases such as the Moho-reflected PmP waves remains a significant challenge in matching the performance of experienced analysts. The main difficulty of machine-identifying PmP waves is that the identifiable PmP waves are rare, making the problem of identifying the PmP waves from a massive seismic database i…
Artificial Intelligence for Subsurface Imaging Understanding: A Decade Review of Challenges, Methods, Benchmarks, and Outlook
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Shandong University（山东大学）；SLB（斯伦贝谢）；China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)（中国地质大学（武汉））；X, the Moonshot Factory (Google X)（X，月亮工厂（谷歌X））；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
A new practical and effective source-independent full-waveform inversion with a velocity-distribution supported deep image prior: Applications to two real datasets
Jilin University（吉林大学）；King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)（阿卜杜拉国王科技大学）；King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals（法赫德国王石油与矿业大学）
