可悲的语法？声调闭合影响儿童对情绪效价的感知
Sad syntax? Tonal closure Affects Children's Perception of Emotional Valence
摘要：
西方音乐在很大程度上受调性的支配，调性是一种调节音乐连续性和闭合性的准句法系统。收敛的措施已经建立了心理现实的音调作为一个认知图式提高不同的期望，为成人和儿童。然而，虽然音调的期望与成人的情绪，很少有人知道的音调的情绪影响儿童。在这里，我们研究儿童是否与情绪效价的音调关闭水平，这种协会是否是年龄依赖性的，以及他们如何与其他音乐层面的互动。52名儿童，年龄7，11岁，听和弦进行意味着关闭后，探测音。探测器可以实现闭合（主音）、轻度破坏（不稳定的全音阶）或极端破坏（不调）。三种音色（钢琴，吉他，木管乐器）和三个音高高度用于每个封闭水平。刺激被描述为两个孩子之间的交流（和弦，探针）。参与者从两个表情符号中选择一个，暗示积极或消极的情绪，作为第二个孩子的反应。一个显着的效果，音调关闭被发现，与年龄，仪器，或音高高度没有相互作用。结果表明，调性，一个非参照性的认知图式，影响儿童的音乐情绪感知的早期，强大的和独立的基本音乐维度。
英文摘要：
Western music is largely governed by tonality, a quasi syntactic system regulating musical continuity and closure. Converging measures have established the psychological reality of tonality as a cognitive schema raising distinct expectancy for both adults and children. However, while tonal expectations were associated with emotion in adults, little is known about the tonality emotional effects in children. Here we examine whether children associate levels of tonal closure with emotional valence, whether such associations are age dependent, and how they interact with other musical dimensions. 52 children, aged 7, 11, listened to chord progressions implying closure followed by a probe tone. Probes could realize closure (tonic note), violate it mildly (unstable diatonic note) or extremely (out of key note). Three timbres (piano, guitar, woodwinds) and three pitch heights were used for each closure level. Stimuli were described to participants as exchanges between two children (chords, probe). Participants chose one of two emojis, suggesting positive or negative emotions, as representing the 2nd child response. A significant effect of tonal closure was found, with no interactions with age, instrument, or pitch height. Results suggest that tonality, a non referential cognitive schema, affects children perception of emotion in music early, robustly and independently of basic musical dimensions.
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