公共采购活动的标度行为
Scaling Behavior of Public Procurement Activity
摘要：
公共采购是指政府部门或地方当局等公共部门实体购买服务、货物或工程。它在经合组织国家的支出中占很大份额。然而，虽然各国政府应尽可能高效地执行采购活动，但缺乏适当比较不同规模机构之间采购活动的方法，这对决策者和学术界来说是一个挑战。在这里，我们建议使用城市规模法文献的方法来研究2011年至2018年期间278个葡萄牙城市的公共采购活动。我们发现，公共采购支出规模与人口规模呈次线性关系，这表明随着城市人口规模的增加，公共支出的规模经济。此外，当我们按照合同类型（工程、商品和服务）查看市政规模调整指标（偏离比例法则）时，我们根据采购活动的相似性获得了市政的新的地方特征。这些结果构成了定量研究地方公共支出的框架，使政策制定者能够更适当地进行比较分析。
英文摘要：
Public procurement refers to the purchase by public sector entities, such as government departments or local authorities, of Services, Goods, or Works. It accounts for a significant share of OECD countries' expenditures. However, while governments are expected to execute them as efficiently as possible, there is a lack of methodologies for an adequate comparison of procurement activity between institutions at different scales, which represents a challenge for policymakers and academics. Here, we propose using methods from urban scaling laws literature to study public procurement activity among 278 Portuguese municipalities between 2011 and 2018. We find that public procurement expenditure scales sub-linearly with population size, indicating an economy of scale for public spending as cities increase their population size. Moreover, when looking at the municipal Scale-Adjusted Indicators (the deviations from the scaling laws) by contract type -- Works, Goods, and Services -- we obtain a new local characterization of municipalities based on the similarity of procurement activity. These results make up a framework for quantitatively studying local public expenditure by enabling policymakers a more appropriate ground for comparative analysis.
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