This letter analyzes the Low-latency Region (LLR) of a best-effort link (i.e., no traffic differentiation, and first come first serve scheduling) carrying both delay-sensitive (DS) streaming and non-delay-sensitive (NDS) background traffic. Moreover, inside the LLR, we show it exists a proportional fair arrival rate allocation for both the DS and NDS traffic streams. This optimal operating point results from maximizing a simple throughput-delay trade-off that considers the NDS traffic load, and the mean delay of the DS packets. To show how the presented trade-off could be used to allocate NDS traffic in a realistic scenario, we use Google Stadia traffic traces to generate the DS flow. Results from this use-case confirm that the throughput-delay trade-off also works regardless the distribution of the packet arrival and packet service times.
We take an analytical approach to study the Quality of user Experience (QoE) for video streaming applications. Our propose is to characterize buffer starvations for streaming video with Long-Range-Dependent (LRD) input traffic. Specifically we develop a new analytical framework to investigate Quality of user Experience (QoE) for streaming by considering a Markov Modulated Fluid Model (MMFM) that accurately approximates the Long Range Dependence (LRD) nature of network traffic. We drive the close-form expressions for calculating the distribution of starvation as well as start-up delay using par…
Video streaming represents a large fraction of Internet traffic. Surprisingly, little is known about the network characteristics of this traffic. In this paper, we study the network characteristics of the two most popular video streaming services, Netflix and YouTube. We show that the streaming strategies vary with the type of the application (Web browser or native mobile application), and the type of container (Silverlight, Flash, or HTML5) used for video streaming. In particular, we identify three different streaming strategies that produce traffic patterns from non-ack clocked ON-OFF cycles…
We introduce a novel network-adaptive algorithm that is suitable for alleviating network packet losses for low-latency interactive communications between a source and a destination. Our network-adaptive algorithm estimates in real-time the best parameters of a recently proposed streaming code that uses forward error correction (FEC) to correct both arbitrary and burst losses, which cause a crackling noise and undesirable jitters, respectively in audio. In particular, the destination estimates appropriate coding parameters based on its observed packet loss pattern and sends them back to the sou…
Inferring the quality of streaming video applications is important for Internet service providers, but the fact that most video streams are encrypted makes it difficult to do so. We develop models that infer quality metrics (\ie, startup delay and resolution) for encrypted streaming video services. Our paper builds on previous work, but extends it in several ways. First, the model works in deployment settings where the video sessions and segments must be identified from a mix of traffic and the time precision of the collected traffic statistics is more coarse (\eg, due to aggregation). Second,…
Minimum Physical Hop (MPH) has been proposed as a peer selection algorithm for decreasing inter-AS (Autonomous System) traffic volume in P2P live streaming. In MPH, a newly joining peer selects a peer whose physical hop count (i.e., the number of ASes traversed on the content delivery path) from it is the minimum as its providing peer. However, MPH shows high inter-AS traffic volume when the number of joining peers is large. In this paper, we propose IMPH that tries to further decrease the inter-AS traffic volume by distributing peers with one logical hop count (i.e., the number of peers or or…
We present a brief summary of current approaches and challenges in the network traffic management area. In this contribution, we well cover the most recent experiments on the network traffic and behavior of applications under various network conditions. Quality of the users' experience is the most important factor being considered in this group of experiments.
Most Internet traffic is carried by capacity-seeking protocols such as TCP and QUIC. Capacity-seeking protocols probe to find the maximum available throughput from sender to receiver, and, once they converge, attempt to keep sending traffic at this maximum rate. Achieving reliable low latency with capacity-seeking end-to-end methods is not yet entirely solved. We contribute a theoretical analysis to this ongoing discussion. In this work, we derive an expression for the minimum size of the spike in latency caused by a sudden drop in network capacity. Our results highlight a quantifiable and fun…
As progressive densification of cells, deployment of Cloud-RAN and \ac{MEC} are coming into reality to support the ultra-low latency with high reliability in 5G and beyond, it generates mesh traffic pattern across fronthaul network. This led to evolution of PON architectural enhancements with virtualization in order to support such mesh traffic pattern. However, allocation of virtual PON slices dynamically over such mesh-PON based fronthaul transport is becoming a research challenge. In this paper, we provide a mixed analytical-iterative model to compute optimal virtual PON slice allocation, p…
Multi-access edge computing (MEC) enables placing video content at the edge of the network aiming to improve the quality of experience (QoE) of the mobile clients. Video content caching at edge servers also reduces traffic in the backhaul of the mobile network, hence reducing operational costs for mobile network operators (MNOs). However, minimizing the rate of cache misses and maximizing the average video quality may sometimes be at odds with each other, particularly when the cache size is constrained. Our objective in this article is two fold: First, we explore the impact of fixed video cont…
Despite the growing popularity of video streaming over the Internet, problems such as re-buffering and high startup latency continue to plague users. In this paper, we present an end-to-end characterization of Yahoo's video streaming service, analyzing over 500 million video chunks downloaded over a two-week period. We gain unique visibility into the causes of performance degradation by instrumenting both the CDN server and the client player at the chunk level, while also collecting frequent snapshots of TCP variables from the server network stack. We uncover a range of performance issues, inc…
Configured Grant-based allocation has been adopted in New Radio 3rd Generation Partnership Project Release 16. This scheme is beneficial in supporting Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication for industrial communication, a key Fifth Generation mobile communication usage scenario. This scheduling mechanism enables a user with a periodic traffic to transmit its data readily and bypasses the signaling entailed to scheduling requests and scheduling grants; and provides low latency access. To facilitate ultra-reliable communication, the scheduling mechanism can allow the user to transmit redun…
Virtual Reality (VR) applications require high data rate for a high-quality immersive experience, in addition to low latency to avoid dizziness and motion sickness. One of the key wireless VR challenges is providing seamless connectivity and meeting the stringent latency and bandwidth requirements. This work proposes a proactive wireless VR system that utilizes information about the user's future orientation for proactive scheduling and caching. This is achieved by leveraging deep neural networks to predict users' orientation trained on a real dataset. The 360° scene is then partitioned using …
We compute bounds on end-to-end worst-case latency and on nodal backlog size for a per-class deterministic network that implements Credit Based Shaper (CBS) and Asynchronous Traffic Shaping (ATS), as proposed by the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standardization group. ATS is an implementation of the Interleaved Regulator, which reshapes traffic in the network before admitting it into a CBS buffer, thus avoiding burstiness cascades. Due to the interleaved regulator, traffic is reshaped at every switch, which allows for the computation of explicit delay and backlog bounds. Furthermore, we obta…
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that facilitates communication among vehicles. VANET provides inter-vehicular communications to serve for the application like road traffic safety and traffic efficiency. Infotainment service has been an anticipating trend in VANETs, and video streaming has a high potential in VANET. Although, this emerging technology is trending, there are still some issues like QoS provisions, decentralized medium access control, node coverage area, and finding and maintaining routes due to highly dynamic topology. These issues make …
In recent years, research efforts tried to exploit peer-to-peer (P2P) systems in order to provide Live Streaming (LS) and Video-on-Demand (VoD) services. Most of these research efforts focus on the development of distributed P2P block schedulers for content exchange among the participating peers and on the characteristics of the overlay graph (P2P overlay) that interconnects the set of these peers. Currently, researchers try to combine peer-to-peer systems with cloud infrastructures. They developed monitoring and control architectures that use resources from the cloud in order to enhance QoS a…
In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for ubiquitous streaming like applications in data networks. In this paper, we concentrate on NUM-based rate allocation for streaming applications with the so-called S-curve utility functions. Due to non-concavity of such utility functions, the underlying NUM problem would be non-convex for which dual methods might become quite useless. To tackle the non-convex problem, using elementary techniques we make the utility of the network concave, however this results in reverse-convex constraints which make the problem non-convex. To deal with suc…
This paper presents the design and evaluation of SQP, a congestion control algorithm (CCA) for interactive video streaming applications that need to stream high-bitrate compressed video with very low end-to-end frame delay (eg. AR streaming, cloud gaming). SQP uses frame-coupled, paced packet trains to sample the network bandwidth, and uses an adaptive one-way delay measurement to recover from queuing, for low, bounded queuing delay. SQP rapidly adapts to changes in the link bandwidth, ensuring high utilization and low frame delay, and also achieves competitive bandwidth shares when competing …
The demand for streaming media and live video conferencing is at peak and expected to grow further, thereby the need for low-cost streaming services with better quality and lower latency is essential. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel peer-to-peer (P2P) live streaming platform, called fybrrStream, where a logical mesh and physical tree i.e., hybrid topology-based approach is leveraged for low latency streaming. fybrrStream distributes the load on participating peers in a hierarchical manner by considering their network bandwidth, network latency, and node stability. fybrrStream cost…
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev（内盖夫本-古里安大学）；Ariel University（阿里尔大学）
The increasing popularity of HTTP adaptive video streaming services has dramatically increased bandwidth requirements on operator networks, which attempt to shape their traffic through Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). However, Google and certain content providers have started to encrypt their video services. As a result, operators often encounter difficulties in shaping their encrypted video traffic via DPI. This highlights the need for new traffic classification methods for encrypted HTTP adaptive video streaming to enable smart traffic shaping. These new methods will have to effectively estimat…
5G communication brings substantial improvements in the quality of service provided to various applications by achieving higher throughput and lower latency. However, interactive multimedia applications (e.g., ultra high definition video conferencing, 3D and multiview video streaming, crowd-sourced video streaming, cloud gaming, virtual and augmented reality) are becoming more ambitious with high volume and low latency video streams putting strict demands on the already congested networks. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is an emerging paradigm that extends cloud computing capabilities to the edge…
We consider the problem of allocating 5G radio resources over wireless communication links to control a series of independent low-latency wireless control systems common in industrial settings. Each control system sends state information to the base station to compute control signals under tight latency requirements. Such latency requirements can be met by restricting the uplink traffic to a single subframe in each 5G frame, thus ensuring a millisecond latency bound while leaving the remaining subframes available for scheduling overhead and coexisting broadband traffic. A linear assignment pro…
Recently, HTTP-based adaptive streaming has become the de facto standard for video streaming over the Internet. It allows clients to dynamically adapt media characteristics to network conditions in order to ensure a high quality of experience, that is, minimize playback interruptions, while maximizing video quality at a reasonable level of quality changes. In the case of live streaming, this task becomes particularly challenging due to the latency constraints. The challenge further increases if a client uses a wireless network, where the throughput is subject to considerable fluctuations. Cons…
For millimeter-wave (mm-wave) buffer-aided tandem networks consisting of relay nodes and multiple channels per hop, we consider two traffic allocation schemes, namely local allocation and global allocation, and investigate the end-to-end latency of a file transfer. We formulate the problem for generic multi-hop queuing systems and subsequently derive closed-form expressions of the end-to-end latency. We quantify the advantages of the global allocation scheme relative to its local allocation counterpart, and we conduct an asymptotic analysis on the performance gain when the number of channels i…
Long range detection is a cornerstone of defense in many operating domains (land, sea, undersea, air, space, ..,). In the cyber domain, long range detection requires the analysis of significant network traffic from a variety of observatories and outposts. Construction of anonymized hypersparse traffic matrices on edge network devices can be a key enabler by providing significant data compression in a rapidly analyzable format that protects privacy. GraphBLAS is ideally suited for both constructing and analyzing anonymized hypersparse traffic matrices. The performance of GraphBLAS on an Accolad…
The N-GREEN project has for goal to design a low cost optical ring technology with good performances (throughput, latency...) without using expensive end-to-end connections. We study the compatibility of such a technology with the development of the Cloud RAN, a latency critical application which is a major aspect of 5G deployment. We show that deterministically managing Cloud RAN traffic minimizes its latency while also improving the latency of the other traffics.
5G new radio is envisioned to support three major service classes: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications. Emerging URLLC services require up to one millisecond of communication latency with 99.999% success probability. Though, there is a fundamental trade-off between system spectral efficiency (SE) and achievable latency. This calls for novel scheduling protocols which cross-optimize system performance on user-centric; instead of network-centric basis. In this paper, we develop a joint multi-user preemptive …
The integration between the satellite network and the terrestrial network will play a key role in the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) of mobile cellular networks thanks to the wide coverage and bandwidth offered by satellite networks. To leverage this integration, we propose a proactive traffic offloading scheme in an integrated multi-satellite terrestrial network (IMSTN) that considers the future networks' heterogeneity and predicts their variability. Our proposed offloading scheme hinges on traffic prediction to answer the stringent requirements of data-rate, latency and reliability imposed b…
Next-generation communication networks are expected to integrate newly-used technologies in a smart way to ensure continuous connectivity in rural areas and to alleviate the traffic load in dense regions. The prospective access network in 6G should hinge on satellite systems to take advantage of their wide coverage and high capacity. However, adopting satellites in 6G could be hindered because of the additional latency introduced, which is not tolerable by all traffic types. Therefore, we propose a traffic offloading scheme that integrates both the satellite and terrestrial networks to smartly…
