APEX的宽视场低分辨光谱仪：仪器设计和科学预测
A wide field-of-view low-resolution spectrometer at APEX: instrument design and science forecast
摘要：
描述宇宙中从现在到再电离高红移时期的大尺度结构，对于约束宇宙学、恒星形成和再电离的历史、测量宇宙的气体含量以及更好地理解驱动星系形成和演化的物理过程至关重要。利用未分辨星系或气体云的积分辐射，线强度成像（LIM）提供了一个新的观测窗口来测量结构的更大性质。这种非常有前途的技术激励社区计划LIM实验。我们描述了一个大视场的仪器，名为CONCERTO，从APEX 12米望远镜在130-310 GHz的范围内工作的发展。CONCERTO是一种基于集总元件动态电感探测器技术的低分辨率光谱仪。使用快速傅里叶变换光谱仪（FTS）获得光谱，该光谱仪与基础温度为0.1K的稀释低温恒温器耦合。两个2千像素的LEKID阵列安装在低温恒温器内，该低温恒温器还包含冷光学器件和前端电子器件。我们详细介绍了导致仪器概念的技术选择，以及仪器的设计和制造以及探测器的初步实验室测试。我们也给我们最好的估计CONCERTO的灵敏度和预测的CONCERTO的两个主要的科学目标，即[CII]-强度映射调查和观测的星系团。我们提供了仪器设计的详细描述。基于与我们小组开发的现有仪器（NIKA，NIKA 2和KISS）的实际比较，以及实验室探测器的特性，我们提供了天空中CONCERTO灵敏度的估计。最后，我们详细描述了CONCERTO在APEX提供的两个主要科学目标。
英文摘要：
Characterise the large-scale structure in the Universe from present times to the high redshift epoch of reionisation is essential to constraining the cosmology, the history of star formation and reionisation, measuring the gas content of the Universe and obtaining a better understanding of the physical process that drive galaxy formation and evolution. Using the integrated emission from unresolved galaxies or gas clouds, line intensity mapping (LIM) provides a new observational window to measure the larger properties of structure. This very promising technique motivates the community to plan for LIM experiments. We describe the development of a large field-of-view instrument, named CONCERTO, operating in the range 130-310 GHz from the APEX 12-meters telescope. CONCERTO is a low-resolution spectrometer based on the Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors technology. Spectra are obtained using a fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), coupled to a dilution cryostat with base temperature of 0.1K. Two 2 kilo-pixels arrays of LEKID are mounted inside the cryostat that also contains the cold optics and the front-end electronics. We present in detail the technological choices leading to the instrumental concept, together with the design and fabrication of the instrument and preliminary laboratory tests on the detectors. We also give our best estimates of CONCERTO sensitivity and give predictions for two of the main scientific goals of CONCERTO, i.e. a [CII]-intensity mapping survey and observations of galaxy clusters. We provide a detail description of the instrument design. Based on realistic comparisons with existing instruments developed by our group (NIKA, NIKA2, and KISS), and on laboratory detectors characterisation, we provide an estimate of CONCERTO sensitivity on sky. Finally, we describe in detail two out of the main science goals offered by CONCERTO at APEX.
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