NISQ时代的多体物理学：离散时间晶体的量子编程
Many-body physics in the NISQ era: quantum programming a discrete time crystal
摘要：
最近在噪声、中间尺度量子（NISQ）器件领域的进展为多体物理学提供了一个令人兴奋的机会，通过引入具有前所未有的控制和测量能力的新实验室平台。我们探讨了NISQ平台在实际意义上对多体物理学的影响：我们问，在量子统计力学领域，它们可能比传统的实验平台更容易实现哪些{ \it物理现象}。作为一个特别适合的目标，我们确定离散时间晶体（DTC），新的非平衡态的物质，打破时间平移对称性。这些只能在由无序诱导的多体局域化稳定的周期驱动量子系统的内在非平衡设置中实现。虽然DTC的前体已经在各种实验平台上观察到-从捕获的离子到氮空位中心到NMR晶体-但没有一个具有\emph{all}，这是实现该阶段完全成熟的化身以及检测其签名远程\emph{spatiotemporal order}的必要成分。我们表明，新一代的量子模拟器可以编程实现DTC阶段，并通过实验检测其动力学特性，一项任务，需要广泛的可编程性，初始化和读出能力。具体来说，谷歌的Sycamore处理器的架构与手头的任务非常接近。我们还讨论了环境退相干的影响，以及如何将它们与来自封闭系统热化动力学的“内部”退相干区分开来。已经与现有的技术和噪声水平，我们发现DTC时空秩序将是可观察的数百个周期，随着硬件的进步，参数的改进。
英文摘要：
Recent progress in the realm of noisy, intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices represents an exciting opportunity for many-body physics, by introducing new laboratory platforms with unprecedented control and measurement capabilities. We explore the implications of NISQ platforms for many-body physics in a practical sense: we ask which {\it physical phenomena}, in the domain of quantum statistical mechanics, they may realize more readily than traditional experimental platforms. As a particularly well-suited target, we identify discrete time crystals (DTCs), novel non-equilibrium states of matter that break time translation symmetry. These can only be realized in the intrinsically out-of-equilibrium setting of periodically driven quantum systems stabilized by disorder induced many-body localization. While precursors of the DTC have been observed across a variety of experimental platforms - ranging from trapped ions to nitrogen vacancy centers to NMR crystals - none have \emph{all} the necessary ingredients for realizing a fully-fledged incarnation of this phase, and for detecting its signature long-range \emph{spatiotemporal order}. We show that a new generation of quantum simulators can be programmed to realize the DTC phase and to experimentally detect its dynamical properties, a task requiring extensive capabilities for programmability, initialization and read-out. Specifically, the architecture of Google's Sycamore processor is a remarkably close match for the task at hand. We also discuss the effects of environmental decoherence, and how they can be distinguished from `internal' decoherence coming from closed-system thermalization dynamics. Already with existing technology and noise levels, we find that DTC spatiotemporal order would be observable over hundreds of periods, with parametric improvements to come as the hardware advances.
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