在本地能源系统的短期运作中实施年度排放限制
Enforcing Annual Emission Constraints in Short-Term Operation of Local Energy Systems
摘要：
本文提出了新的方法，以确保以零排放为目标设计的社区的能源系统实际上以允许其在其生命周期内达到净零排放的方式运行。本文强调了在设计这种社区的能源系统时，考虑到现实的运营策略的必要性。它还提出了可用于ZEN运行的方法，以确保碳中和。首先提出了一种用于设计零排放社区（ZEN）能源系统的最优化模型，并用于在挪威南部的一个校园中产生两种设计方案，其中PV的量是有限的（PVlim），当它不是（Base）。然后介绍了几种运行方式，比较其运行成本和CO2排放量和补偿。这些方法是作为参考的完美预见（参考文献），纯经济模型预测控制（E-MPC）、如果偏离排放目标则具有惩罚的MPC（EmE-MPC）和其中我们具有全年净零排放约束的滚动时域MPC（RH-MPC）。由此产生的能源系统，在基本情况下，光伏，热泵，燃气锅炉和热存储，并在PVlim的情况下，少量的光伏，热电联产厂，和热存储。在基本情况下，所有操作策略都能达到净零排放，这主要是由于从PV获得的被动补偿。RH-MPC提供最低的成本。在PVlim案例中，PV的被动效应不足以达到净零排放，因此需要专门考虑排放的操作方法。EmE-MPC实现了最低的排放，但成本要高得多。我们的结论是，最好的总体策略是RH-MPC，它保持了成本和排放补偿平衡接近参考情况，具有完美的远见。
英文摘要：
This paper presents new methods for ensuring that the energy system of a neighborhood that is designed with the objective of being zero emission is actually operated in a way that allows it to reach net zero emissions in its lifetime. This paper highlights the necessity of taking into account realistic operation strategies when designing the energy system of such neighborhoods. It also suggests methods that can be used in the operation of ZENs to ensure carbon neutrality. An optimization model for designing the energy system of a Zero Emission Neighborhood (ZEN) is first presented and used to produce two designs for a campus in the South of Norway in the case where the amount of PV is limited (PVlim) and when it is not (Base). Several operation approaches are then introduced to compare their operation cost and the CO2 emissions and compensations. These approaches are perfect foresight used as a reference (Ref.),a purely economic model predictive control (E-MPC), an MPC with penalization if deviating from emission targets (EmE-MPC)and a receding horizon MPC where we have a net zero emission constraint over the year (RH-MPC). The resulting energy systems are, in the Base case, PV, heat pumps, a gas boiler and heat storage and, in the PVlim case, a smaller amount of PV, a CHP plant, and heat storage. In the Base case all operation strategies manage to reach net zero emissions, largely due to the passive compensations obtained from the PV. RH-MPC offers the lowest cost. In the PVlim case, the passive effect of the PV is not sufficient to reach net zero emissions and an operation approach specifically taking into account the emissions is necessary. EmE-MPC achieves the lowest emissions but it comes at a much higher cost. We conclude that the best overall strategy is RH-MPC which maintains both the cost and the emission-compensation balance close to the reference case with perfect foresight.
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