Graph neural networks have shown superior performance in a wide range of applications providing a powerful representation of graph-structured data. Recent works show that the representation can be further improved by auxiliary tasks. However, the auxiliary tasks for heterogeneous graphs, which contain rich semantic information with various types of nodes and edges, have less explored in the literature. In this paper, to learn graph neural networks on heterogeneous graphs we propose a novel self-supervised auxiliary learning method using meta-paths, which are composite relations of multiple edge types. Our proposed method is learning to learn a primary task by predicting meta-paths as auxiliary tasks. This can be viewed as a type of meta-learning. The proposed method can identify an effective combination of auxiliary tasks and automatically balance them to improve the primary task. Our methods can be applied to any graph neural networks in a plug-in manner without manual labeling or additional data. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method consistently improves the performance of link prediction and node classification on heterogeneous graphs.
Korea University（高丽大学）；Pusan National University（釜山大学）；NAVER AI LAB（NAVER AI实验室）；NAVER CLOVA；NAVER Corp.（NAVER公司）
In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely adopted in the representation learning of graph-structured data and provided state-of-the-art performance in various applications such as link prediction, node classification, and recommendation. Motivated by recent advances of self-supervision for representation learning in natural language processing and computer vision, self-supervised learning has been recently studied to leverage unlabeled graph-structured data. However, employing self-supervision tasks as auxiliary tasks to assist a primary task has been less explored in the …
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）
Heterogeneous information networks (HINs) are widely employed for describing real-world data with intricate entities and relationships. To automatically utilize their semantic information, graph neural architecture search has recently been developed on various tasks of HINs. Existing works, on the other hand, show weaknesses in instability and inflexibility. To address these issues, we propose a novel method called Partial Message Meta Multigraph search (PMMM) to automatically optimize the neural architecture design on HINs. Specifically, to learn how graph neural networks (GNNs) propagate mes…
Graph neural networks have become an important tool for modeling structured data. In many real-world systems, intricate hidden information may exist, e.g., heterogeneity in nodes/edges, static node/edge attributes, and spatiotemporal node/edge features. However, most existing methods only take part of the information into consideration. In this paper, we present the Co-evolved Meta Graph Neural Network (CoMGNN), which applies meta graph attention to heterogeneous graphs with co-evolution of node and edge states. We further propose a spatiotemporal adaption of CoMGNN (ST-CoMGNN) for modeling sp…
A large number of real-world graphs or networks are inherently heterogeneous, involving a diversity of node types and relation types. Heterogeneous graph embedding is to embed rich structural and semantic information of a heterogeneous graph into low-dimensional node representations. Existing models usually define multiple metapaths in a heterogeneous graph to capture the composite relations and guide neighbor selection. However, these models either omit node content features, discard intermediate nodes along the metapath, or only consider one metapath. To address these three limitations, we p…
HAGNN: Hybrid Aggregation for Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks
State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University（南京大学现代软件技术国家重点实验室）；Research Center for Graph Computing, Zhejiang Lab（浙江实验室图计算研究中心）
Institute for Financial Services Analytics University of Delaware Newark, USA
Heterogeneous graph neural networks (HGNNs) have attracted increasing research interest in recent three years. Most existing HGNNs fall into two classes. One class is meta-path-based HGNNs which either require domain knowledge to handcraft meta-paths or consume huge amount of time and memory to automatically construct meta-paths. The other class does not rely on meta-path construction. It takes homogeneous convolutional graph neural networks (Conv-GNNs) as backbones and extend them to heterogeneous graphs by introducing node-type- and edge-type-dependent parameters. Regardless of the meta-path…
Most real-world datasets are inherently heterogeneous graphs, which involve a diversity of node and relation types. Heterogeneous graph embedding is to learn the structure and semantic information from the graph, and then embed it into the low-dimensional node representation. Existing methods usually capture the composite relation of a heterogeneous graph by defining metapath, which represent a semantic of the graph. However, these methods either ignore node attributes, or discard the local and global information of the graph, or only consider one metapath. To address these limitations, we pro…
University of Luxembourg（卢森堡大学）；National Cheng Kung University（台湾成功大学）
Recently, increasing attention has been paid to heterogeneous graph representation learning (HGRL), which aims to embed rich structural and semantic information in heterogeneous information networks (HINs) into low-dimensional node representations. To date, most HGRL models rely on hand-crafted meta-paths. However, the dependency on manually-defined meta-paths requires domain knowledge, which is difficult to obtain for complex HINs. More importantly, the pre-defined or generated meta-paths of all existing HGRL methods attached to each node type or node pair cannot be personalised to each indiv…
FHGE: A Fast Heterogeneous Graph Embedding with Ad-hoc Meta-paths
School of Computer Science, Fudan University（复旦大学计算机科学学院）；School of Software, Fudan University（复旦大学软件学院）；Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science（上海数据科学重点实验室）
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
Many real-world graphs (networks) are heterogeneous with different types of nodes and edges. Heterogeneous graph embedding, aiming at learning the low-dimensional node representations of a heterogeneous graph, is vital for various downstream applications. Many meta-path based embedding methods have been proposed to learn the semantic information of heterogeneous graphs in recent years. However, most of the existing techniques overlook the graph structure information when learning the heterogeneous graph embeddings. This paper proposes a novel Structure-Aware Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network …
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely used in representation learning on graphs and achieved superior performance in tasks such as node classification. However, analyzing heterogeneous graph of different types of nodes and links still brings great challenges for injecting the heterogeneity into a graph neural network. A general remedy is to manually or automatically design meta-paths to transform a heterogeneous graph into a homogeneous graph, but this is suboptimal since the features from the first-order neighbors are not fully leveraged for training and inference. In this paper, we p…
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Paradigm Inc.（第四范式有限公司）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
In this paper, we propose a novel framework to automatically utilize task-dependent semantic information which is encoded in heterogeneous information networks (HINs). Specifically, we search for a meta graph, which can capture more complex semantic relations than a meta path, to determine how graph neural networks (GNNs) propagate messages along different types of edges. We formalize the problem within the framework of neural architecture search (NAS) and then perform the search in a differentiable manner. We design an expressive search space in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) to r…
Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
Semantic relation prediction aims to mine the implicit relationships between objects in heterogeneous graphs, which consist of different types of objects and different types of links. In real-world scenarios, new semantic relations constantly emerge and they typically appear with only a few labeled data. Since a variety of semantic relations exist in multiple heterogeneous graphs, the transferable knowledge can be mined from some existing semantic relations to help predict the new semantic relations with few labeled data. This inspires a novel problem of few-shot semantic relation prediction a…
Learning with auxiliary tasks can improve the ability of a primary task to generalise. However, this comes at the cost of manually labelling auxiliary data. We propose a new method which automatically learns appropriate labels for an auxiliary task, such that any supervised learning task can be improved without requiring access to any further data. The approach is to train two neural networks: a label-generation network to predict the auxiliary labels, and a multi-task network to train the primary task alongside the auxiliary task. The loss for the label-generation network incorporates the los…
Modeling the dynamics of real-world physical systems is critical for spatiotemporal prediction tasks, but challenging when data is limited. The scarcity of real-world data and the difficulty in reproducing the data distribution hinder directly applying meta-learning techniques. Although the knowledge of governing partial differential equations (PDE) of data can be helpful for the fast adaptation to few observations, it is mostly infeasible to exactly find the equation for observations in real-world physical systems. In this work, we propose a framework, physics-aware meta-learning with auxilia…
Meta learning is a promising solution to few-shot learning problems. However, existing meta learning methods are restricted to the scenarios where training and application tasks share the same out-put structure. To obtain a meta model applicable to the tasks with new structures, it is required to collect new training data and repeat the time-consuming meta training procedure. This makes them inefficient or even inapplicable in learning to solve heterogeneous few-shot learning tasks. We thus develop a novel and principled HierarchicalMeta Learning (HML) method. Different from existing methods t…
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing（北京大数据与脑计算高级创新中心）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；HKUST（香港科技大学）；UIUC（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Heterogeneous information network (HIN) embedding has gained increasing interests recently. However, the current way of random-walk based HIN embedding methods have paid few attention to the higher-order Markov chain nature of meta-path guided random walks, especially to the stationarity issue. In this paper, we systematically formalize the meta-path guided random walk as a higher-order Markov chain process, and present a heterogeneous personalized spacey random walk to efficiently and effectively attain the expected stationary distribution among nodes. Then we propose a generalized scalable f…
In many personalized recommendation scenarios, the generalization ability of a target task can be improved via learning with additional auxiliary tasks alongside this target task on a multi-task network. However, this method often suffers from a serious optimization imbalance problem. On the one hand, one or more auxiliary tasks might have a larger influence than the target task and even dominate the network weights, resulting in worse recommendation accuracy for the target task. On the other hand, the influence of one or more auxiliary tasks might be too weak to assist the target task. More c…
Optimization-based meta-learning typically assumes tasks are sampled from a single distribution - an assumption oversimplifies and limits the diversity of tasks that meta-learning can model. Handling tasks from multiple different distributions is challenging for meta-learning due to a so-called task ambiguity issue. This paper proposes a novel method, ST-MAML, that empowers model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) to learn from multiple task distributions. ST-MAML encodes tasks using a stochastic neural network module, that summarizes every task with a stochastic representation. The proposed Stocha…
University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；Facebook（脸书）
Meta-graph is currently the most powerful tool for similarity search on heterogeneous information networks,where a meta-graph is a composition of meta-paths that captures the complex structural information. However, current relevance computing based on meta-graph only considers the complex structural information, but ignores its embedded meta-paths information. To address this problem, we proposeMEta-GrAph-based network embedding models, called MEGA and MEGA++, respectively. The MEGA model uses normalized relevance or similarity measures that are derived from a meta-graph and its embedded meta…
Leveraging Auxiliary Task Relevance for Enhanced Bearing Fault Diagnosis through Curriculum Meta-learning
Aerostructures Innovation Research Hub (AIRHub), Swinburne University of Technology（航空结构创新研究中心（AIRHub），斯威本科技大学）；School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology（斯威本科技大学科学、计算与工程技术学院）；Tongji University（同济大学）
Performing inference on data obtained through observational studies is becoming extremely relevant due to the widespread availability of data in fields such as healthcare, education, retail, etc. Furthermore, this data is accrued from multiple homogeneous subgroups of a heterogeneous population, and hence, generalizing the inference mechanism over such data is essential. We propose the MetaCI framework with the goal of answering counterfactual questions in the context of causal inference (CI), where the factual observations are obtained from several homogeneous subgroups. While the CI network …
Existing message passing neural networks for heterogeneous graphs rely on the concepts of meta-paths or meta-graphs due to the intrinsic nature of heterogeneous graphs. However, the meta-paths and meta-graphs need to be pre-configured before learning and are highly dependent on expert knowledge to construct them. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel concept of meta-node for message passing that can learn enriched relational knowledge from complex heterogeneous graphs without any meta-paths and meta-graphs by explicitly modeling the relations among the same type of nodes. Unlike meta-pa…
Word embeddings have been shown to benefit from ensambling several word embedding sources, often carried out using straightforward mathematical operations over the set of word vectors. More recently, self-supervised learning has been used to find a lower-dimensional representation, similar in size to the individual word embeddings within the ensemble. However, these methods do not use the available manually labeled datasets that are often used solely for the purpose of evaluation. We propose to reconstruct an ensemble of word embeddings as an auxiliary task that regularises a main task while b…
A heterogeneous graph consists of different vertices and edges types. Learning on heterogeneous graphs typically employs meta-paths to deal with the heterogeneity by reducing the graph to a homogeneous network, guide random walks or capture semantics. These methods are however sensitive to the choice of meta-paths, with suboptimal paths leading to poor performance. In this paper, we propose an approach for learning on heterogeneous graphs without using meta-paths. Specifically, we decompose a heterogeneous graph into different homogeneous relation-type graphs, which are then combined to create…
Meta-learning enhanced next POI recommendation by leveraging check-ins from auxiliary cities
Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学）；Chengdu University of Information Technology（成都信息工程大学）；Centre for Frontier AI Research, A*STAR（新加坡科技研究局前沿人工智能研究中心）；Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR（新加坡科技研究局高性能计算研究所）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）
Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院软件研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Defence Industry Secrecy Examination and Certification Center（国防工业保密审查认证中心）
Episodic Multi-Task Learning with Heterogeneous Neural Processes
University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；United Imaging Healthcare, Co., Ltd.（联影医疗科技股份有限公司）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）；Kaiyuan Mathematical Sciences Institute（开元数学科学研究院）
Heterogeneous information network (HIN) embedding has recently attracted much attention due to its effectiveness in dealing with the complex heterogeneous data. Meta path, which connects different object types with various semantic meanings, is widely used by existing HIN embedding works. However, several challenges have not been addressed so far. First, different meta paths convey different semantic meanings, while existing works assume that all nodes share same weights for meta paths and ignore the personalized preferences of different nodes on different meta paths. Second, given a meta path…
Heterogeneous information network (HIN) has shown its power of modeling real world data as a multi-typed entity-relation graph. Meta-path is the key contributor to this power since it enables inference by capturing the proximities between entities via rich semantic links. Previous HIN studies ask users to provide either 1) the meta-path(s) directly or 2) biased examples to generate the meta-path(s). However, lots of HINs (e.g., YAGO2 and Freebase) have rich schema consisting of a sophisticated and large number of types of entities and relations. It is impractical for users to provide the meta-…
College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University（浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院）；Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）
Network Embedding has been widely studied to model and manage data in a variety of real-world applications. However, most existing works focus on networks with single-typed nodes or edges, with limited consideration of unbalanced distributions of nodes and edges. In real-world applications, networks usually consist of billions of various types of nodes and edges with abundant attributes. To tackle these challenges, in this paper we propose a multi-semantic metapath (MSM) model for large scale heterogeneous representation learning. Specifically, we generate multi-semantic metapath-based random …
Many real-world graphs involve different types of nodes and relations between nodes, being heterogeneous by nature. The representation learning of heterogeneous graphs (HGs) embeds the rich structure and semantics of such graphs into a low-dimensional space and facilitates various data mining tasks, such as node classification, node clustering, and link prediction. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised method that learns HG representations by relying on knowledge exchange and discovery among different HG structural semantics (meta-paths). Specifically, by maximizing the mutual informatio…
Seoul National University（首尔大学）；Hyundai Motor Group（现代汽车集团）
In few-shot learning scenarios, the challenge is to generalize and perform well on new unseen examples when only very few labeled examples are available for each task. Model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) has gained the popularity as one of the representative few-shot learning methods for its flexibility and applicability to diverse problems. However, MAML and its variants often resort to a simple loss function without any auxiliary loss function or regularization terms that can help achieve better generalization. The problem lies in that each application and task may require different auxiliar…
Huazhong Agricultural University（华中农业大学）；College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University（华中农业大学信息学院）
Motivation: Identifying drug-target interactions (DTIs) is a key step in drug repositioning. In recent years, the accumulation of a large number of genomics and pharmacology data has formed mass drug and target related heterogeneous networks (HNs), which provides new opportunities of developing HN-based computational models to accurately predict DTIs. The HN implies lots of useful information about DTIs but also contains irrelevant data, and how to make the best of heterogeneous networks remains a challenge. Results: In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous graph automatic meta-path learning …
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
When experience is scarce, models may have insufficient information to adapt to a new task. In this case, auxiliary information - such as a textual description of the task - can enable improved task inference and adaptation. In this work, we propose an extension to the Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning algorithm (MAML), which allows the model to adapt using auxiliary information as well as task experience. Our method, Fusion by Meta-Initialization (FuMI), conditions the model initialization on auxiliary information using a hypernetwork, rather than learning a single, task-agnostic initialization. F…
Heterogeneous information networks(HINs) become popular in recent years for its strong capability of modelling objects with abundant information using explicit network structure. Network embedding has been proved as an effective method to convert information networks into lower-dimensional space, whereas the core information can be well preserved. However, traditional network embedding algorithms are sub-optimal in capturing rich while potentially incompatible semantics provided by HINs. To address this issue, a novel meta-path-based HIN representation learning framework named mSHINE is design…
graph neural networks (GNNs) are the dominant paradigm for modeling and handling graph structure data by learning universal node representation. The traditional way of training GNNs depends on a great many labeled data, which results in high requirements on cost and time. In some special scene, it is even unavailable and impracticable. Self-supervised representation learning, which can generate labels by graph structure data itself, is a potential approach to tackle this problem. And turning to research on self-supervised learning problem for heterogeneous graphs is more challenging than deali…
LAMP: Learnable Meta-Path Guided Adversarial Contrastive Learning for Heterogeneous Graphs
University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）；Yonsei University（延世大学）；RIKEN AIP（理化学研究所人工智能项目）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)（北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心（BNRist））；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
In the past decade, the heterogeneous information network (HIN) has become an important methodology for modern recommender systems. To fully leverage its power, manually designed network templates, i.e., meta-structures, are introduced to filter out semantic-aware information. The hand-crafted meta-structure rely on intense expert knowledge, which is both laborious and data-dependent. On the other hand, the number of meta-structures grows exponentially with its size and the number of node types, which prohibits brute-force search. To address these challenges, we propose Genetic Meta-Structure …
