过程、系统和测试：定义上下文等价
Processes, Systems and Tests: Defining Contextual Equivalences
摘要：
在这份立场文件中，我们想提供并捍卫一个新的模板来研究程序之间的等价性--在并发计算的进程代数的特定框架中。我们相信，我们的分层开发模型将澄清程序员和测试人员的任务和职责之间的区别。它也将启发已经运行在不同的进程代数，如通信系统的演算，$π$演算-也在其分布式版本-或移动ambients.我们的区别开始细分的概念过程本身在三个概念上分离的实体，我们称之为\emph{Processes}，\emph{Systems}和\emph{Tests}。虽然可以观察到的作用和同余定义中的微妙之处已经被深入研究，但\emph{not every process can be tested}和\emph{the tester should have access to a different set of tools than the programmer}奇怪地被排除在外，或者至少不经常正式讨论。我们认为，这个盲点来自于对上下文的不充分规范--进行比较的环境--我们用一个简单的Java例子来说明我们的声明，\enquote{stay the same}并发语言，但也用$λ$ -演算和并发语言的现有实现来支持它。
英文摘要：
In this position paper, we would like to offer and defend a new template to study equivalences between programs -- in the particular framework of process algebras for concurrent computation.We believe that our layered model of development will clarify the distinction that is too often left implicit between the tasks and duties of the programmer and of the tester. It will also enlighten pre-existing issues that have been running across process algebras as diverse as the calculus of communicating systems, the $π$-calculus -- also in its distributed version -- or mobile ambients.Our distinction starts by subdividing the notion of process itself in three conceptually separated entities, that we call \emph{Processes}, \emph{Systems} and \emph{Tests}. While the role of what can be observed and the subtleties in the definitions of congruences have been intensively studied, the fact that \emph{not every process can be tested}, and that \emph{the tester should have access to a different set of tools than the programmer} is curiously left out, or at least not often formally discussed.We argue that this blind spot comes from the under-specification of contexts -- environments in which comparisons takes place -- that play multiple distinct roles but supposedly always \enquote{stay the same}.We illustrate our statement with a simple Java example, the \enquote{usual} concurrent languages, but also back it up with $λ$-calculus and existing implementations of concurrent languages as well.
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