广义模糊博弈中个体和群体的后向和前向责任度及其在社会选择问题中的应用
Degrees of individual and groupwise backward and forward responsibility in extensive-form games with ambiguity, and their application to social choice problems
摘要：
许多现实世界中与伦理相关的情况，特别是那些大规模的社会选择，如减缓气候变化，不仅涉及许多代理人的决定以复杂的方式相互作用，而且还涉及各种形式的不确定性，包括可量化的风险和不可量化的模糊性。在这些问题中，评估个人和群体对道德上不受欢迎的结果的道德责任或他们避免这种结果的责任是具有挑战性的，并且容易产生责任确定不足或过度的风险。在现有的方法的基础上严格的因果关系或某些道义逻辑，专注于一个二元分类的“负责任”与“不负责”，我们在这里提出了几个不同的定量责任度量，评估责任程度的概率单位。为此，我们使用一个框架的基础上的一个适应版本的广泛形式的博弈树和公理的方法，指定了一些潜在的理想属性，这样的指标，然后测试开发的候选指标，他们的应用到一些典型的社会选择的情况。我们发现，虽然人们可能希望此类责任指标的大多数属性都可以通过某种变体来实现，但尚未找到明显优于其他指标的最佳指标。
英文摘要：
Many real-world situations of ethical relevance, in particular those of large-scale social choice such as mitigating climate change, involve not only many agents whose decisions interact in complicated ways, but also various forms of uncertainty, including quantifiable risk and unquantifiable ambiguity. In such problems, an assessment of individual and groupwise moral responsibility for ethically undesired outcomes or their responsibility to avoid such is challenging and prone to the risk of under- or overdetermination of responsibility. In contrast to existing approaches based on strict causation or certain deontic logics that focus on a binary classification of `responsible' vs `not responsible', we here present several different quantitative responsibility metrics that assess responsibility degrees in units of probability. For this, we use a framework based on an adapted version of extensive-form game trees and an axiomatic approach that specifies a number of potentially desirable properties of such metrics, and then test the developed candidate metrics by their application to a number of paradigmatic social choice situations. We find that while most properties one might desire of such responsibility metrics can be fulfilled by some variant, an optimal metric that clearly outperforms others has yet to be found.
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