镭：改善动态PoW靶向
Radium: Improving Dynamic PoW Targeting
摘要：
大多数PoW区块链协议都采用一种简单的机制，即为每个区块设置一个阈值，矿工生成区块哈希值，直到其中一个值低于阈值。虽然这种机制在很大程度上是有效的，但它以高度可变的速率产生区块，并且还使区块链容易受到链死亡的影响，即在阈值设置得太高而无法吸引任何矿工的情况下放弃。最近的一项创新称为实时块率目标，或RTT，通过减少整个采矿间隔的目标来解决这些问题。RTT表现出更少的可变块时间，甚至具有在每个块之后完全调整目标的能力。然而，正如我们在本文中所展示的那样，RTT也存在一个严重的漏洞，即矿工偏离协议以增加利润。我们引入了Radium协议，该协议可以减轻RTT中的这种漏洞，同时保持较低的方差块时间，响应目标调整，并降低链死亡的风险。我们还表明，镭的敏感性double-pend攻击和孤立块仍然类似于比特币。
英文摘要：
Most PoW blockchain protocols operate with a simple mechanism whereby a threshold is set for each block and miners generate block hashes until one of those values falls below the threshold. Although largely effective, this mechanism produces blocks at a highly variable rate and also leaves a blockchain susceptible to chain death, i.e. abandonment in the event that the threshold is set too high to attract any miners. A recent innovation called real-time block rate targeting, or RTT, fixes these problems by reducing the target throughout the mining interval. RTT exhibits much less variable block times and even features the ability to fully adjust the target after each block. However, as we show in this paper, RTT also suffers from a critical vulnerability whereby miners deviate form the protocol to increase their profits. We introduce the Radium protocol, which mitigates this vulnerability in RTT while retaining lower variance block times, responsive target adjustment, and lowering the risk of chain death. We also show that Radium's susceptibility to the doublespend attack and orphaned blocks remains similar to Bitcoin.
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