The Internet of Things (IoT), hailed as the enabler of the next industrial revolution, will require ubiquitous connectivity, context-aware and dynamic service mobility, and extreme security through the wireless network infrastructure. Artificial Intelligence (AI), thus, will play a major role in the underlying network infrastructure. However, a number of challenges will surface while using the concepts, tools and algorithms of AI in wireless networks used by IoT. In this article, the main challenges in using AI in the wireless network infrastructure that facilitate end-to-end IoT communication are highlighted with potential generalized solution and future research directions.
Internet of Things (IoT) has become the most promising technology for service automation, monitoring, and interconnection, etc. However, the security and privacy issues caused by IoT arouse concerns. Recent research focuses on addressing security issues by looking inside platform and apps. In this work, we creatively change the angle to consider security problems from a wireless context perspective. We propose a novel framework called IoTGaze, which can discover potential anomalies and vulnerabilities in the IoT system via wireless traffic analysis. By sniffing the encrypted wireless traffic, …
This article explores the concepts of online protocol synthesis using Reinforcement Learning (RL). The study is performed in the context of sensor and IoT networks with ultra low complexity wireless transceivers. The paper introduces the use of RL and Multi Armed Bandit (MAB), a specific type of RL, for Medium Access Control (MAC) under different network and traffic conditions. It then introduces a novel learning based protocol synthesis framework that addresses specific difficulties and limitations in medium access for both random access and time slotted networks. The mechanism does not rely …
Crowdsourcing wireless energy is a novel and convenient solution to charge nearby IoT devices. Several applications have been proposed to enable peer-to-peer wireless energy charging. However, none of them considered the energy efficiency of the wireless transfer of energy. In this paper, we propose an energy estimation framework that predicts the actual received energy. Our framework uses two machine learning algorithms, namely XGBoost and Neural Network, to estimate the received energy. The result shows that the Neural Network model is better than XGBoost at predicting the received energy. W…
This paper considers the deployment of a hybrid wireless data/power access point in an 802.11-based wireless powered IoT network. The proportionally fair allocation of throughputs across IoT nodes is considered under the constraints of energy neutrality and CPU capability for each device. The joint optimization of wireless powering and data communication resources takes the CSMA/CA random channel access features, e.g. the backoff procedure, collisions, protocol overhead into account. Numerical results show that the optimized solution can effectively balance individual throughput across nodes, …
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to require more effective and efficient wireless communications than ever before. For this reason, techniques such as spectrum sharing, dynamic spectrum access, extraction of signal intelligence and optimized routing will soon become essential components of the IoT wireless communication paradigm. Given that the majority of the IoT will be composed of tiny, mobile, and energy-constrained devices, traditional techniques based on a priori network optimization may not be suitable, since (i) an accurate model of the environment may not be readily available …
Blockchain is considered the critical backbone technology for secure and trusted Internet of Things (IoT) in the future 6G network. However, deploying a blockchain system in a complex wireless IoT network is challenging due to the limited resources, complex wireless environment, and the property of self-interested IoT devices. The existing incentive mechanism of blockchain is not compatible with the wireless IoT network. In this paper, to incentivize IoT devices to join the construction of the wireless blockchain network, we propose a multi-dimensional contract to optimize the blockchain utili…
The 6G wireless technology is visualized to revolutionize multiple customer services with the Internet of Things (IoT), thereby contributing to a ubiquitous intelligent society comprising autonomous systems. In this chapter, we conduct a detailed survey on the IoT networks with 6G wireless networks and investigate the trending possibilities provided by the 6G technology within the IoT networks and the related utilization; Firstly, we detail the breakthrough IoT technologies and the technological drivers which are anticipated to strengthen IoT networks in future. Next, we present the relevant u…
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to overcome the deployment constraint of Internet of Things (IoT) in remote or rural area. Wirelessly powered communications (WPC) can address the battery limitation of IoT devices through transferring wireless power to IoT devices. The integration of UAVs and WPC, namely UAV-enabled Wireless Powering IoT (Ue-WPIoT) can greatly extend the IoT applications from cities to remote or rural areas. In this article, we present a state-of-the-art overview of Ue-WPIoT by first illustrating the working flow of Ue-WPIoT and discussing the challenges. We …
Extreme events and disasters resulting from climate change or other ecological factors are difficult to predict and manage. Current limitations of state-of-the-art approaches to disaster prediction and management could be addressed by adopting new unorthodox risk assessment and management strategies. The next generation Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), 5G wireless communication, and big data analytics technologies are the key enablers for future effective disaster management infrastructures. In this chapter, we commissioned a survey on emerging wireless communication …
With the explosive growth of smart IoT devices at the edge of the Internet, embedding sensors on mobile devices for massive data collection and collective environment sensing has been envisioned as a cost-effective solution for IoT applications. However, existing IoT platforms and framework rely on dedicated middleware for (semi-) centralized task dispatching, data storage and incentive provision. Consequently, they are usually expensive to deploy, have limited adaptability to diverse requirements, and face a series of data security and privacy issues. In this paper, we employ permissionless b…
Jožef Stefan Institute（约瑟夫·斯特凡研究所）；Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School（约瑟夫·斯特凡国际研究生院）；Bitlis Eren University（比特利斯·埃伦大学）；University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学）
After decades of research, the Internet of Things (IoT) is finally permeating real-life and helps improve the efficiency of infrastructures and processes as well as our health. As a massive number of IoT devices are deployed, they naturally incur great operational costs to ensure intended operations. To effectively handle such intended operations in massive IoT networks, automatic detection of malfunctioning, namely anomaly detection, becomes a critical but challenging task. In this paper, motivated by a real-world experimental IoT deployment, we introduce four types of wireless network anomal…
Machine learning finds rich applications in Internet of Things (IoT) networks such as information retrieval, traffic management, spectrum sensing, and signal authentication. While there is a surge of interest to understand the security issues of machine learning, their implications have not been understood yet for wireless applications such as those in IoT systems that are susceptible to various attacks due the open and broadcast nature of wireless communications. To support IoT systems with heterogeneous devices of different priorities, we present new techniques built upon adversarial machine…
This paper proposes a distributed Reinforcement Learning (RL) based framework that can be used for synthesizing MAC layer wireless protocols in IoT networks with low-complexity wireless transceivers. The proposed framework does not rely on complex hardware capabilities such as carrier sensing and its associated algorithmic complexities that are often not supported in wireless transceivers of low-cost and low-energy IoT devices. In this framework, the access protocols are first formulated as Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and then solved using RL. A distributed and multi-Agent RL framework is …
This paper describes the principles and implementation results of reinforcement learning algorithms on IoT devices for radio collision mitigation in ISM unlicensed bands. Learning is here used to improve both the IoT network capability to support a larger number of objects as well as the autonomy of IoT devices. We first illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in a proof-of-concept based on USRP software radio platforms operating on real radio signals. It shows how collisions with other RF signals present in the ISM band are diminished for a given IoT device. Then we describe the fi…
Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity has a prominent presence in the 5G wireless communication systems. As these systems are being deployed, there is a surge of research efforts and visions towards 6G wireless systems. In order to position the evolution of IoT within the 6G systems, this paper first takes a critical view on the way IoT connectivity is supported within 5G. Following that, the wireless IoT evolution is discussed through multiple dimensions: time, space, intelligence, and value. We also conjecture that the focus will broaden from IoT devices and their connections towards the eme…
We propose a novel service-based ecosystem to crowdsource wireless energy to charge IoT devices. We leverage the service paradigm to abstract wireless energy crowdsourcing from nearby IoT devices as energy services. The proposed energy services ecosystem offers convenient, ubiquitous, and cost-effective power access to charge IoT devices. We discuss the impact of a crowdsourced wireless energy services ecosystem, the building components of the ecosystem, the energy services composition framework, the challenges, and proposed solutions.
The investigation in this paper targets the design and the evaluation of jamming intrusion detection based on Fuzzy Logic in wireless mesh IoT Networks in a distributed manner. Our approach uses information collected at local nodes and from the sink as input to the fuzzy logic controller. In order to find the best set of inputs, distributed or centralized, we made a comparison between five different combinations of parameters. The investigation uses the values of the ETX, Retransmissions, Packets Drop per terminal (PDPT) and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) as inputs to a fuzzy inference system to …
The Internet of Things (IoT) incorporates multiple long-range, short-range, and personal area wireless networks and technologies into the designs of IoT applications. This enables numerous business opportunities in fields as diverse as e-health, smart cities, smart homes, among many others. This research analyses some of the major evolving and enabling wireless technologies in the IoT. Particularly, it focuses on ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, LoRa, and the different versions of Wi-Fi including the recent IEEE 802.11ah protocol. The studies evaluate the capabilities and behaviours of t…
Recent advances on wireless energy transfer (WET) make it a promising solution for powering future Internet of Things (IoT) devices enabled by the upcoming sixth generation (6G) era. The main architectures, challenges and techniques for efficient and scalable wireless powering are overviewed in this paper. Candidates enablers such as energy beamforming (EB), distributed antenna systems (DAS), advances on devices' hardware and programmable medium, new spectrum opportunities, resource scheduling and distributed ledger technology are outlined. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the suitabil…
Autonomous Wireless Sensors (AWSs) are at the core of every Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Current AWS technology allows the development of many IoT-based applications, ranging from military to bioengineering and from industry to education. The energy optimization of AWSs depends mainly on: Structural, functional, and application specifications. The holistic design methodology addresses all the factors mentioned above. In this sense, we propose an original solution based on a novel architecture that duplicates the transceivers and also the power source using a hybrid storage system. By identif…
In the context of the emerging Internet of Things (IoT), a proliferation of wireless connectivity can be expected. That ubiquitous wireless communication will be hard to centrally manage and control, and can be expected to be opaque to end users. As a result, owners and users of physical space are threatened to lose control over their digital environments. In this work, we propose the idea of an IoTScanner. The IoTScanner integrates a range of radios to allow local reconnaissance of existing wireless infrastructure and participating nodes. It enumerates such devices, identifies connection patt…
The pervasive need to safely share and store information between devices calls for the replacement of centralized trust architectures with the decentralized ones. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) are seen as the most promising enabler of decentralized trust, but they still lack technological maturity and their successful adoption depends on the understanding of the fundamental design trade-offs and their reflection in the actual technical design. This work focuses on the challenges and potential solutions for an effective integration of DLTs in the context of Internet-of-Things (IoT). We…
The requirements in terms of service quality such as data rate, latency, power consumption, number of connectivity of future fifth-generation (5G) communication is very high. Moreover, in Internet of Things (IoT) requires massive connectivity. Optical wireless communication (OWC) technologies such as visible light communication, light fidelity, optical camera communication, and free space optical communication can effectively serve for the successful deployment of 5G and IoT. This paper clearly presents the contributions of OWC networks for 5G and IoT solutions.
Time-sensitive wireless networks are an important enabling building block for many emerging industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Quick prototyping and evaluation of time-sensitive wireless technologies are desirable for R&D efforts. Software-defined radio (SDR), by allowing wireless signal processing on a personal computer (PC), has been widely used for such quick prototyping efforts. Unfortunately, because of the \textit{uncontrollable delay} between the PC and the radio board, SDR is generally deemed not suitable for time-sensitive wireless applications that demand communication…
The article presents the research and comparative analysis of the bandwidth of low-power wireless IoT devices as wireless switches. The following IoT devices were investigated: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B and Raspberry Pi Zero W. The DS18B20 and INA219 sensors investigated and analyzed the dependence of FTP multimedia data transmission speed on wireless Wi-Fi network on the temperature of the switch processor, temperature. The environment and the current and voltage consumed by the switch. Advantages of sensors with GPIO interface over analog meters for this experiment are revealed. Much of the wor…
Cloud computing provides great benefits for applications hosted on the Web that also have special computational and storage requirements. This paper proposes an extensible and flexible architecture for integrating Wireless Sensor Networks with the Cloud. We have used REST based Web services as an interoperable application layer that can be directly integrated into other application domains for remote monitoring such as e-health care services, smart homes, or even vehicular area networks (VAN). For proof of concept, we have implemented a REST based Web services on an IP based low power WSN test…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an exploding market as well as a important focus area for research. Security is a major issue for IoT products and solutions, with several massive problems that are still commonplace in the field. In this paper, we have successfully minimized the risk of data eavesdropping and tampering over the network by securing these communications using the concept of tunneling. We have implemented this by connecting a router to the internet via a Virtual Private network while using PPTP and L2TP as the underlying protocols for the VPN and exploring their cost benefits, com…
Over the past decade, distributed CSMA, which forms the basis for WiFi, has been deployed ubiquitously to provide seamless and high-speed mobile internet access. However, distributed CSMA might not be ideal for future IoT/M2M applications, where the density of connected devices/sensors/controllers is expected to be orders of magnitude higher than that in present wireless networks. In such high-density networks, the overhead associated with completely distributed MAC protocols will become a bottleneck. Moreover, IoT communications are likely to have strict QoS requirements, for which the `best-…
People effects on IoT indoor wireless channel characterization
Sidia Institute of Science and Technology（西迪亚科学与技术研究所）；Centre for Research and Development in Telecommunications (CPqD)（电信研发中心）；Federal University of Juiz de Fora（茹伊斯德福拉联邦大学）；Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)（北里奥格兰德联邦大学）
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many applications and are an essential part of IoT systems. The primary functionality of a WSN is gathering data from specific points that are covered with sensor nodes and transmitting the collected data to remote units for further processing. In IoT use cases, a WSN infrastructure may need to be shared by many applications, which requires scheduling those applications to time-share the node and network resources. In this paper, we investigate the problem of application scheduling in WSN infrastructures. We focus on the scenarios where applications request…
Resonant Beam Charging (RBC) is the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology, which can provide high-power, long-distance, mobile, and safe wireless charging for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Supporting multiple IoT devices charging simultaneously is a significant feature of the RBC system. To optimize the multi-user charging performance, the transmitting power should be scheduled for charging all IoT devices simultaneously. In order to keep all IoT devices working as long as possible for fairness, we propose the First Access First Charge (FAFC) scheduling algorithm. Then, we formulate the…
High-performance real-time wireless connectivity is at the heart of the Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT). Realizing wireless closed-loop control is crucial for various mission-critical IIoT systems. Existing wireless technologies fall short of meeting the stringent performance requirements of closed-loop control. This paper presents a novel wireless solution, called \textsf{GALLOP}, for realizing closed-loop control over multi-hop or single-hop networks. \textsf{GALLOP} adopts a pragmatic design approach for addressing the challenges of wireless closed-loop control. Key design aspects of \…
Blockchain technology has drawn attention fromvarious communities. The underlying consensus mechanism inBlockchain enables a myriad of applications for the integrityassurance of stored data. In this paper, we utilize Blockchaintechnology to verify the authenticity of a video captured by astreaming IoT device for forensic investigation purposes. Theproposed approach computes the hash of video frames beforethey leave the IoT device and are transferred to a remote basestation. To guarantee the transmission, we ensure that this hashis sent through a TCP-based connection. The hash is then storedon …
Recent proposals to simplify the operation of the IoT include the use of Information Centric Networking (ICN) paradigms. While this is promising, several challenges remain. In this paper, our core contributions (a) leverage ICN communication patterns to dynamically optimize the use of TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping), a wireless link layer technology increasingly popular in the IoT, and (b) make IoT-style routing adaptive to names, resources, and traffic patterns throughout the network--both without cross-layering. Through a series of experiments on the FIT IoT-LAB interconnecting typical I…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a crucial component of Industry 4.0. Due to growing demands of customers, the current IoT architecture will not be reliable and responsive for next generation IoT applications and upcoming services. In this paper, the next generation IoT architecture based on new technologies is proposed in which the requirements of future applications, services, and generated data are addressed. Particularly, this architecture consists of Nano-chip, millimeter Wave (mmWave), Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet), device-todevice (D2D) communication, 5G-IoT, Machine-Type Communication…
Smart manufacturing is a vision and major driver for change in industrial environments. The goal of smart manufacturing is to optimize manufacturing processes through constantly monitoring and adapting processes towards more efficient and personalised manufacturing. This requires and relies on technologies for connected machines incorporating a variety of computation, sensing, actuation, and machine to machine communications modalities. As such, understanding the change towards smart manufacturing requires knowledge of the enabling technologies, their applications in real world scenarios and t…
Testbeds are a key element in the evaluation of wireless multi-hop networks. In order to relieve researchers from the hassle of deploying their own testbeds, remotely controllable testbeds, such as the FIT/IoT-LAB, are built. However, while the IoT-LAB has a high number of nodes, they are deployed in constraint areas. This, together with the complex nature of radio propagation, makes an ad-hoc construction of multi-hop topologies with a high number of hops difficult. This work presents a strategic approach to solve this problem and proposes algorithms to generate topologies with desired proper…
Sensor networks with devices capable of moving could enable applications ranging from precision irrigation to environmental sensing. Using mechanical drones to move sensors, however, severely limits operation time since flight time is limited by the energy density of current battery technology. We explore an alternative, biology-based solution: integrate sensing, computing and communication functionalities onto live flying insects to create a mobile IoT platform. Such an approach takes advantage of these tiny, highly efficient biological insects which are ubiquitous in many outdoor ecosystems,…
Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）；Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）
In this paper, we apply the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technique to improve the massive channel access of a wireless IoT network where solar-powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) relay data from IoT devices to remote servers. Specifically, IoT devices contend for accessing the shared wireless channel using an adaptive $p$-persistent slotted Aloha protocol; and the solar-powered UAVs adopt Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) to decode multiple received data from IoT devices to improve access efficiency. To enable an energy-sustainable capacity-optimal network, we study the j…
Wireless data aggregation (WDA), referring to aggregating data distributed at devices (e.g., sensors and smartphone), is a common operation in 5G-and-beyond machine-type communications to support Internet-of-Things (IoT), which lays the foundation for diversified applications such as distributed sensing, learning, and control. Conventional WDA techniques that are designed based on a separated-communication-and-computation principle encounter difficulty in accommodating the massive access under the limited radio resource and stringent latency constraints imposed by emerging applications (e.g, a…
Aided by the ubiquitous wireless connectivity, declining communication costs, and the emergence of cloud platforms, the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and services is accelerating. Most major mobile network operators view machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks for supporting IoT as a significant source of new revenue. In this paper, we motivate the need for wide-area M2M wireless networks, especially for short data packet communication to support a very large number of IoT devices. We first present a brief overview of current and emerging technologies for supporting wi…
The relentless development of the Internet of Things (IoT) communication technologies and the gradual maturity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to a powerful cognitive computing ability. Users can now access efficient and convenient smart services in smart-city, green-IoT and heterogeneous networks. AI has been applied in various areas, including the intelligent household, advanced health-care, automatic driving and emotional interactions. This paper focuses on current wireless-communication technologies, including cellular-communication technologies (4G, 5G), low-power wide-area (LPWA…
Profiling and minimizing the energy consumption of resource-constrained devices is an essential step towards employing IoT in various application domains. Due to the large size and high cost of commercial energy measurement platforms, alternative solutions have been proposed by the research community. However, the three main shortcomings of existing tools are complexity, limited measurement range, and low accuracy. Specifically, these tools are not suitable for the energy measurement of new IoT devices such as those supporting the 802.11 technology. In this paper we propose EMPIOT, an accurate…
Multiprotocol Wireless Timer Synchronization for IoT Systems
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学电气与电子工程学院）；Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学李光前医学院）；Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学格拉斯哥学院）
