We present a self-consistent way of modeling synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) effects in gamma-ray burst afterglows, with and without approximated Klein-Nishina suppressed scattering. We provide an analytic approximation of our results, so that it can be incorporated into the afterglow modeling code \texttt{boxfit}, which is currently based on pure synchrotron emission. We discuss the changes in spectral shape and evolution due to SSC effects, and comment on how these changes affect physical parameters derived from broadband modeling. We show that SSC effects can have a profound impact on the shape of the X-ray light curve using simulations including these effects. This leads to data that cannot be simultaneously fit well in both the X-ray and radio bands when considering synchrotron-only fits, and an inability to recover the correct physical parameters, with some fitted parameters deviating orders of magnitude from the simulated input parameters. This may have a significant impact on the physical parameter distributions based on previous broadband modeling efforts.
Extended high-energy(>100MeV) gamma-ray emission that lasts much longer than the prompt sub-MeV emission has been detected from quite a few gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) recently. A plausible scenario is that this emission is the afterglow synchrotron emission produced by electrons accelerated in the forward shocks. In this scenario, the electrons that produce synchrotron high-energy emission also undergo inverse-Compton (IC) loss and the IC scattering with the synchrotron photons should be in the Klein-Nishina regime. Here we study effects of the Klein-Nishina sc…
Synchrotron radiation mechanism, when electrons are accelerated in a relativistic shock, is known to have serious problems to explain the observed gamma-ray spectrum below the peak for most Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs); the synchrotron spectrum below the peak is much softer than observed spectra. Recently, the possibility that electrons responsible for the radiation cool via Inverse Compton, but in the Klein-Nishina regime, has been proposed as a solution to this problem. We provide an analytical study of this effect and show that it leads to a hardening of the low energy spectrum but not by enough…
We present analytic approximations to the optically thin synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) spectra when Klein-Nishina (KN) effects are important and pair production and external radiation fields can be neglected. This theory is useful for analytical treatment of radiation from astrophysical sources, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), active galactic nuclei and pulsar wind nebula, where KN effects may be important. We consider a source with a continuous injection of relativistic electrons with a power-law energy distribution above some typical injection energy. We find that the synch…
The strong variability of blazars can be characterized by power spectral densities (PSDs) and Fourier frequency-dependent time lags. In previous work, we created a new theoretical formalism for describing the PSDs and time lags produced via a combination of stochastic particle injection and emission via the synchrotron, synchrotron self-Compton, and external Compton (EC) processes. This formalism used the Thomson cross section and simple $δ$-function approximations to model the synchrotron and Compton emissivities. Here we expand upon this work, using the full Compton cross section and detaile…
Swift, Chandra and XMM have found a weak but nearly constant X-ray component from Swift J1644+57 that appeared at ~500 days and was visible at least until ~ 1400 days after the stellar capture, which cannot be explained by standard tidal disruption theories. We suggest that this X-ray afterglow component may result from Thomson scattering between the primary X-rays and its surrounding plasma, i.e. the Compton echo effect. Similar phenomena has also been observed from molecular clouds in our Galactic Center, which were caused by the past activity of Srg A*. If this interpretation of Swift J1644…
We study the inverse Compton scattering of the CMB photons off nonthermal high-energy electrons. In the previous study, assuming the power-law distribution for electrons, we derived the analytic expression for the spectral intensity function $I(ω)$ in the Thomson approximation, which was applicable up to the photon energies of $ω<$ O(GeV). In the present paper, we extend the previous work to higher photon energies of $ω>$ O(GeV) by taking into account the terms dropped in the Thomson approximation, i.e., the Klein-Nishina formula. The analytic expression for $I(ω)$ is derived with the Klein-Ni…
Relativistic jets launched by rotating black holes are powerful emitters of non-thermal radiation. Extraction of the rotational energy via electromagnetic stresses produces magnetically-dominated jets, which may become turbulent. Studies of magnetically-dominated plasma turbulence from first principles show that most of the accelerated particles have small pitch angles, i.e. the particle velocity is nearly aligned with the local magnetic field. We examine synchrotron-self-Compton radiation from anisotropic particles in the fast cooling regime. The small pitch angles reduce the synchrotron cool…
The full Klein-Nishina cross section for the inverse Compton scattering interactions of electrons implies a significant reduction of the electron energy loss rate compared to the Thomson limit when the electron energy exceeds the critical Klein-Nishina energy E_K = gamma_K * m_e c^2 = 0.27 m_e^2 c^2/(k_BT), where T denotes the temperature of the photon graybody distribution. As a consequence the total radiative energy loss rate of single electrons exhibits sudden drops in the overall energy loss rate ~ gamma ^2 - dependence when the electron energy reaches the critical Klein-Nishina energy. Th…
Relativistic magnetic reconnection is a powerful agent through which magnetic energy can be tapped in astrophysics, energizing particles that then produce observed radiation. In some systems, the highest energy photons come from particles Comptonizing an ambient radiation bath supplied by an external source. If the emitting particle energies are high enough, this inverse Compton (IC) scattering enters the Klein-Nishina regime, which differs from the low-energy Thomson IC limit in two significant ways. First, radiative losses become inherently discrete, with particles delivering an order-unity …
Inverse Compton-pair cascades are initiated when gamma-rays are absorbed on an ambient soft photon field to produce relativistic pairs, which in turn up-scatter the same soft photons to produce more gamma-rays. If the Compton scatterings take place in the deep Klein-Nishina regime, then triplet pair production ($eγ_b \rightarrow ee^{+}e^{-}$) becomes relevant and may even regulate the development of the cascade. We investigate the properties of pair-Compton cascades with triplet pair production in accelerating gaps, i.e., regions with an unscreened electric field. Using the method of transport…
The afterglow emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is believed to originate from a relativistic blast wave driven into the circumburst medium. Although the afterglow emission from radio up to X-ray frequencies is thought to originate from synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic, non-thermal electrons accelerated by the blast wave, the origin of the emission at high energies (HE; $\gtrsim$~GeV) remains uncertain. The recent detection of sub-TeV emission from GRB~190114C by MAGIC raises further debate on what powers the very high-energy (VHE; $\gtrsim 300$GeV) emission. Here, we explore t…
The extended high-energy gamma-ray (>100 MeV) emission which occurs well after the prompt gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is usually explained as the afterglow synchrotron radiation. Here we report the analysis of the Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of GRB 130907A. A 55 GeV photon compatible with the position of the burst was found at about 5 hours after the prompt phase. The probability that this photon is associated with GRB 130907A is higher than 99.96%. The energy of this photon exceeds the maximum synchrotron photon energy at this time and its occurrence thus challenges the synchrotron me…
NASA's Small Explorer Mission GEMS (Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX), scheduled for launch in 2014, will have the sensitivity to detect and measure the linear polarization properties of the 0.5 keV and 2-10 keV X-ray emission of a considerable number of galactic and extragalactic sources. The prospect of sensitive X-ray polarimetry justifies a closer look at the polarization properties of the basic emission mechanisms. In this paper, we present analytical and numerical calculations of the linear polarization properties of inverse Compton scattered radiation. We describe a generally applicab…
We extend previous work on gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows involving hot thermal electrons at the base of a shock-accelerated tail. Using a physically-motivated electron distribution based on first-principles simulations, we compute broadband emission from radio to TeV gamma-rays. For the first time, we present the effects of a thermal distribution of electrons on synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission. The presence of thermal electrons causes temporal and spectral structure across the entire observable afterglow, which is substantively different from models that assume a pure power-law dist…
We numerically simulate the gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow emission with a one-zone time-dependent code. The temporal evolutions of the decelerating shocked shell and energy distributions of electrons and photons are consistently calculated. The photon spectrum and light curves for an observer are obtained taking into account the relativistic propagation of the shocked shell and the curvature of the emission surface. We find that the onset time of the afterglow is significantly earlier than the previous analytical estimate. The analytical formulae of the shock propagation and light curve for …
We calculate the synchrotron and inverse-Compton emissions from pairs formed in GRB afterglows from high-energy photons (above 100 MeV), assuming a power-law photon spectrum C_nu ~ nu^{-2} and considering only the pairs generated from primary high-energy photons. The essential properties of these pairs (number, minimal energy, cooling energy, distribution with energy) and of their emission (peak flux, spectral breaks, spectral slope) are set by the observables GeV fluence Phi (t) = Ft and spectrum, and by the Lorentz factor Gamma and magnetic field B of the source of high-energy photons, at ob…
The observations of gamma-ray emission from pulsars with the Fermi-LAT detector and the detection of the Crab pulsar with the VERITAS array of Cherenkov telescopes at energies above 100 GeV make it unlikely that curvature radiation is the main source of photons above GeV energies in the Crab and many other pulsars. We outline a model in which the broad UV-X-ray component and the very high energy γ-ray emission of pulsars are explained within the Synchrotron-Self-Compton (SSC) framework. We argue that the bulk of the observed radiation is generated by the secondary plasma, which is produced in …
Synchrotron radiation from a decelerating blastwave is a widely accepted model of radio to X-ray afterglow emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). GeV gamma-ray emission detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and the duration of which extends beyond the prompt gamma-ray emission phase, is also compatible with broad features of afterglow emission. We revisit the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission model from a decelerating blastwave to fit multiwavelength data from three bright GRBs, namely GRB~190114C, GRB~130427A and GRB~090510. We constrain the afterglow model parameters using t…
We present a new Monte Carlo code for Comptonisation in Astrophysics (MoCA). To our knowledge MoCA is the first code that uses a single photon approach in a full special relativity scenario, and including also Klein-Nishina effects as well as polarisation. In this paper we describe in detail how the code works, and show first results from the case of extended coronae in accreting sources Comptonising the accretion disc thermal emission. We explored both a slab and a spherical geometry, to make comparison with public analytical codes more easy. Our spectra are in good agreement with those from …
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) Collaboration reported the Second Gamma-ray Burst Catalog (2FLGC), which comprises a subset of 29 bursts with photon energies above 10 GeV. Although the standard synchrotron forward-shock model has successfully explained the Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow observations, energetic photons higher than 10 GeV from these transient events can hardly be described in this scenario. We present the closure relations (CRs) of synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) afterglow model in the adiabatic and radiative scenario and when the central engine injects continuous ene…
We test different physically motivated models for the spectral shape of the $γ$-ray emission in a sample of 128 blazars with known redshifts detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) at energies above 50 GeV. The first nine years of LAT data in the energy range from 300 MeV to 2 TeV are analyzed in order to extend the spectral energy coverage of the 2FHL blazars in our sample. We compare these spectral data to four leptonic models for the production of $γ$-rays through Compton scattering by a population of electrons with different spectral shapes. In the first three models we consider C…
Motivated by the detection of very high energy gamma-rays deep in the afterglow emission of a gamma-ray burst, we revisit predictions of the maximum energy to which electrons can be accelerated at a relativistic blast wave. Acceleration at the weakly-magnetized forward shock of a blast-wave can be limited either by the rapid damping of turbulence generated behind the shock, by the effect of a large-scale ambient magnetic field, or by radiation losses. Within the confines of a standard, single zone, synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) model, we show that observations of GRB190829A rule out a rapid d…
In this paper we present the spectrum of synchro-curvature self-Compton (SCSC) radiation of relativistic electrons with a power-law distribution of Lorentz factors. We find that the resulting spectrum is significantly different from that of either synchrotron self-Compton or curvature self-Compton radiation if both the curvature radius of the magnetic field and the cyclotron radius of the electrons are within some proper ranges. The effects of electrons' cooling and drifting, the low-energy self absorption in seed spectra, and the Klein-Nishina cutoff are also discussed, in order to get an acc…
The radiation mechanisms responsible for the multiwavelength emission from relativistic jet sources are poorly understood. The modelling of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and light curves alone is not adequate to distinguish between existing models. Polarisation in the $X$-ray and $γ$-ray regime of these sources may provide new and unique information about the jet physics and radiation mechanisms. Several upcoming projects will be able to deliver polarimetric measurements of the brightest $X$-ray sources, including active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets and $γ$-ray bursts (GRBs). This art…
The multiwavelength observations of GRB afterglows, together with some high-performance particle-in-cell simulations, hint that the magnetic field may decay behind the shock front. In this work, we develop a numerical code to calculate the evolution of the accelerated electron distribution, their synchrotron and inverse-Compton (IC) spectra and accordingly the light curves (LCs) under the assumption of decaying microturbulence (DM) downstream of the shock, $ε_B(t_p')\propto t_p'^{α_t}$ with $t_p'$ the fluid proper time since injection. We find: (1) The synchrotron spectrum in the DM model is s…
Fermi observations of high-energy gamma-ray emission from GRB 080916C shows that its spectrum is consistent with the Band function from MeV to tens of GeV. Assuming one single emission mechanism dominates in the whole energy range, we show that this spectrum is consistent with synchrotron origin by shock-accelerated electrons. The simple electron inverse-Compton model and the hadronic model are found to be less viable. In the synchrotron scenario, the synchrotron self-Compton scattering is likely to be in the Klein-Nishina regime and therefore the resulting high-energy emission is subdominant,…
Immediate Afterglow Physical Characteristics and Broadband Spectra Evidence Synchrotron self-Compton Emission as the Reason for VHE Production in TeV GRB 190114C
The MAGIC observations of late sub-TeV photons from GRB190114C enable us, for the first time, to determine the details of the emission process in a GRB afterglow and to pin down the physical parameters, such as the bulk Lorentz factor and the Lorentz factor of the emitting electrons as well as some of the microphysical parameters. We find that the sub-TeV emission is an Inverse Compton radiation produced at the early afterglow stage. Combining the sub-TeV and X-ray observations we narrow uncertainties in the conditions inside the emitting zone, almost eliminating them for some parameters. Seve…
Radiative energy losses are very important in regulating the cosmic ray electron and/or positron (CRE) spectrum during their propagation in the Milky Way. Particularly, the Klein-Nishina (KN) effect of the inverse Compton scattering (ICS) results in less efficient energy losses of high-energy electrons, which is expected to leave imprints on the propagated electron spectrum. It has been proposed that the hardening of CRE spectra around 50 GeV observed by Fermi-LAT, AMS-02, and DAMPE could be due to the KN effect. We show in this work that the transition from the Thomson regime to the KN regime…
The extended high-energy gamma-ray (>100 MeV) emission occurred after the prompt gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is usually characterized by a single power-law spectrum, which has been explained as the afterglow synchrotron radiation. The afterglow inverse-Compton emission has long been predicted to be able to produce a high-energy component as well, but previous observations have not revealed such a signature clearly, probably due to the small number of >10 GeV photons even for the brightest GRBs known so far. In this Letter, we report on the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations of the >100 …
In external Compton scenario, we investigate the formation of the very hard electron spectrum in the fast-cooling regime, using a time-dependent emission model. It is shown that a very hard electron distribution $N'_{\rm e}(\gp)\propto\gp^{-p}$ with the spectral index $p\sim1.3$ is formed below the minimum energy of injection electron when inverse Compton scattering takes place in the Klein-Nishina regime, i.e., inverse Compton scattering of relativistic electrons on broad-line region radiation in flat spectrum radio quasars. This produces a very hard gamma-ray spectrum, and can reasonably exp…
Recent detection of sub-TeV emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) represents a breakthrough in the GRB study. The multi-wavelength data of the afterglows of GRB 190114C support the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) origin for its sub-TeV emission. We present a comparative analysis on the SSC emission of GRB afterglows in the homogeneous and wind environment in the framework of the forward shock model. The $γγ$ absorption of very high-energy photons due to pair production within the source and the Klein-Nishina effect on the inverse-Compton scattering are considered. Generally a higher SSC flux is…
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intense bursts of high-energy photons (prompt emissions) caused by relativistic jets. After the emissions, multi-wavelength afterglows, from radio to very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray, last for more than a few days. In the past three years, the VHE gamma-ray photons from four GRBs (GRBs 180720B, 190114C, 190829A and 201216C) were detected by ground-based Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, such as the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). One of them, GRB 190829A, had some peculiar featu…
Recent analyses of multiwavelength light curves of gamma-ray bursts afterglows point to values of the magnetic turbulence well below the canonical $\sim1\,$\% of equipartition, in agreement with theoretical expectations of a micro-turbulence generated in the shock precursor, which then decays downstream of the shock front through collisionless damping. As a direct consequence, the Compton parameter $Y$ can take large values in the blast. In the presence of decaying micro-turbulence and/or as a result of the Klein-Nishina suppression of inverse Compton cooling, the $Y$ parameter carries a non-t…
The afterglow of GRB~190114C has been observed at {60-1200~s} after the burst in the {sub-TeV range} by the {MAGIC Cherenkov} telescope. The simultaneous observations in X-ray range, which is presumed to be of synchrotron origin, and in sub-TeV range, where the emission is presumed to be inverse Compton, provide new stringent constraints on the conditions within the emitting regions {and their evolution in time}. While the additional data contain a lot of new information, it turns out that fitting both the X-ray and the TeV emission, is much more complicated than what was originally anticipate…
Linear polarization have been observed in both the prompt phase and afterglow of some bright gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Polarization in the prompt phase spans a wide range, and may be as high as $\gtrsim 50\%$. In the afterglow phase, however, it is usually below $10\%$. According to the standard fireball model, GRBs are produced by synchrotron radiation and Compton scattering process in a highly relativistic jet ejected from the central engine. It is widely accepted that prompt emissions occur in the internal shock when shells with different velocities collide with each other, and the magnetic …
In high energy astrophysics scenarios such as blazars, GRBs or PWNe, it is highly probable that ultra-relativistic particles interact with photons in their environment through scattering. As long as the energy of the particle is greater than the energy of the interacting photon, the (classical) scattering is known to be in the Thomson regime. Otherwise, quantum effects will affect the scattering cross section, and we enter into the so-called Klein-Nishina regime. It is well known that radiative cooling in the Thomson regime is very efficient, leading to soft high-energy spectra. However, obser…
We present multi-wavelength observations of a typical long duration GRB 120326A at $z=1.798$, including rapid observations using a submillimeter array (SMA), and a comprehensive monitoring in X-ray and optical. The SMA observation provided the fastest detection to date among seven submillimeter afterglows at 230 GHz. The prompt spectral analysis, using Swift and Suzaku yielded a spectral peak energy of $E^{\rm src}_{\rm peak}=107.8^{+15.3}_{-15.3}$ keV and equivalent isotropic energy of $E_{\rm iso}$ as $3.18^{+0.40}_{-0.32}\times 10^{52}$ erg. The temporal evolution and spectral properties in…
GRB 190114C, a long and luminous burst, was detected by several satellites and ground-based telescopes from radio wavelengths to GeV gamma-rays. In the GeV gamma-rays, the Fermi LAT detected 48 photons above 1 GeV during the first hundred seconds after the trigger time, and the MAGIC telescopes observed for more than one thousand seconds very-high-energy (VHE) emission above 300 GeV. Previous analysis of the multi-wavelength observations showed that although these are consistent with the synchrotron forward-shock model that evolves from a stratified stellar-wind to homogeneous ISM-like medium,…
This paper introduces a kinetic code that simulates gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow emission from the external forward shock and presents examples of some of its applications. One interesting research topic discussed in the paper is the high-energy radiation produced by Compton scattering of the prompt GRB photons against the shock-accelerated electrons. The difference between the forward shock emission in a wind-type and a constant-density medium is also studied, and the emission due to Maxwellian electron injection is compared to the case with pure power-law electrons. The code calculates th…
In this paper, we consider the impact of Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) on the $γ-γ$ opacity of the Universe to VHE-gamma rays, compared to the effect of local under-densities (voids) of the Extragalactic Background Light, and on the Compton scattering process. Both subluminal and superluminal modifications of the photon dispersion relation are considered. In the subluminal case, LIV effects may result in a significant reduction of the $γ-γ$ opacity for photons with energies $\gtrsim 10$ TeV. However, the effect is not expected to be sufficient to explain the apparent spectral hardening of…
We calculate the high energy afterglow emission from short Gamma-Ray Bursts (SGRBs) in the external shock model. There are two possible components contributing to the high energy afterglow: the electron synchrotron emission and the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission. We find that for typical parameter values of SGRBs, the early high-energy afterglow emission in 10 MeV-10 GeV is dominated by the synchrotron emission. For a burst occurring at redshift z =0.1, the high-energy emission can be detectable by Fermi LAT if the blast wave has an energy E>=10^51 ergs and the fraction of energy in e…
Recently, very high-energy photons above 100 GeV were reported to be detected from GRB~190114C and GRB~180720B at, respectively, 100-1000 s and 10 hours after the burst. We model the available broad-band data of both GRBs with the synchrotron plus synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission of the afterglow shocks. We find that the sub-TeV emission of GRB~180720B can be interpreted as the SSC emission from afterglow shocks expanding in a constant density circum-burst medium. The SSC emission of GRB~190114C dominates over the synchrotron component from GeV energies at $\sim100$ s, which can explain…
Fermi/LAT has detected long-lasting high-energy photons (>100 MeV) from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), with the highest energy photons reaching about 100 GeV. One proposed scenario is that they are produced by high-energy electrons accelerated in GRB forward shocks via synchrotron radiation. We study the maximum synchrotron photon energy in this scenario, considering the properties of the microturbluence magnetic fields behind the shock, as revealed by recent Particle-in-Cell simulations and theoretical analyses of relativistic collisionless shocks. Due to the small-scale nature of the micro-turbule…
Observations of TeV emission from early gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows revealed the long sought for inverse Compton (IC) upscattering of the lower energy synchrotron. However, it turned out that the long hoped for ability to easily interpret the synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) spectra didn't materialize. The TeV emission is in the Klein-Nishina (KN) regime and the simple Thomson regime SSC spectrum is modified, complicating the scene. We describe here a methodology to obtain an analytic approximation to an observed spectrum and infer the conditions at the emitting region. The methodology is g…
One of the most energetic gamma-ray bursts GRB 110731A, was observed from optical to GeV energy range by Fermi and Swift Observatories, and by the MOA and GROND optical telescopes. The multiwavelength observations over different epochs (from trigger time to more than 800 s) showed that the spectral energy distribution was better fitted by a wind afterglow model. We present a leptonic model based on an early afterglow that evolves in a stellar wind to describe the multiwavelength light curves observations. In particular, the origin of the LAT emission is explained through the superposition of s…
I study the location of the $γ$-ray emission in blazar jets by creating a Compton-scattering approximation valid for all anisotropic radiation fields in the Thomson through Klein-Nishina regimes, which is highly accurate and can speed up numerical calculations by up to a factor $\sim10$. I apply this approximation to synchrotron self-Compton, and external Compton-scattering of photons from the accretion disk, broad-line region (BLR), and dust torus. I use a stratified BLR model and include detailed Compton-scattering calculations of a spherical and flattened BLR. I create two dust torus models…
The observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) such as 980425, 031203 and 060218, with luminosities much lower than those of other classic bursts, lead to the definition of a new class of GRBs -- low-luminosity GRBs. The nature of the outflow responsible for them is not clear yet. Two scenarios have been suggested: one is the conventional relativistic outflow with initial Lorentz factor of order of $Γ_0\ga 10$ and the other is a trans-relativistic outflow with $Γ_0\simeq 1-2$. Here we compare the high energy gamma-ray afterglow emission from these two different models, taking into account both sy…
The high polarization observed in the prompt phase of some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) arouses extensive studies on the emission mechanism. In this paper, we investigate the polarization properties of the synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) process from a highly relativistic jet. A magnetic-dominated, baryon-loaded jet ejected from the central engine travels with a large Lorentz factor. Shells with slightly different velocities collide with each other and produce shocks. The shocks accelerate electrons to power-law distribution, and at the same time, magnify the magnetic field. Electrons move in the ma…
