流动电极电容去离子Ti $_3$ C $_2$ T $_x$ MXene去除和回收废水中的氨
Removal and Recovery of Ammonia from Wastewater using Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ MXenes in Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization
摘要：
流动电极电容去离子系统（FE-CDI）最近因其防止交叉污染和无间断循环运行的能力而受到关注。通常，FE-CDI电极具有低电导率，降低了去离子性能。利用更高的质量负载来克服这一点会导致不良的流变性能。本文中，Ti $_3$ C $_2$ T $_x$ MXene作为1 mg/mL浆料电极引入FE-CDI系统中，用于从模拟农业废水中去除和回收氨。通过在充电和放电模式中分别在1.20 V和-1.20 V的恒定电压下以磨合间歇模式运行具有500 mg/L NH $_4$ Cl的进料溶液的FE-CDI系统来评价电极性能。尽管负载量低，Ti $_3$ C $_2$ T $_x$流动电极显示出显著改善的性能，在115分钟的饱和时间内实现60%的离子去除效率，吸附容量为460 mg/g。为了理解电极的高吸附性能，通过各种表征技术如SEM、TEM、XRD、DLS和拉曼光谱进行了物理化学和结构分析。获得循环伏安法和恒电流充电/放电曲线以评价电极的电化学性能。该系统被证明是一种节能技术，表现出58-70%的充电效率，同时以0.45 kWh/kg的能耗运行。92%的再生效率表明，电极是稳定的，适合于长期和可扩展的使用。结果表明，MXenes具有改善FE-CDI工艺的潜力，以实现高效节能的氨去除和回收。
英文摘要：
Flowing electrode capacitive deionization systems (FE-CDI) have recently garnered attention because of their ability to prevent cross contamination and operate in uninterrupted cycles ad infinitum. Typically, FE-CDI electrodes suffer from low conductivity, reducing deionization performance. Utilization of higher mass loadings to combat this leads to poor rheological properties. Herein, Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ MXene was introduced as 1 mg/mL slurry electrodes in an FE-CDI system for the removal and recovery of ammonia from simulated agricultural wastewater. The electrode performance was evaluated by operating the FE-CDI system with a feed solution of 500 mg/L NH$_4$Cl running in batch mode at a constant voltage of 1.20 V and -1.20 V in charging and discharging modes, respectively. Despite the low loading, Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ flowing electrodes showed markedly improved performance, achieving 60% ion removal efficiency in a saturation time of 115 minutes with an adsorption capacity of 460 mg/g. To understand the high adsorption performance of the electrodes, physiochemical and structural analysis was done via a variety of characterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, and Raman Spectroscopy. Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles were obtained to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. The system proved to be an energy-saving technology by exhibiting a charge efficiency of 58-70% while operating at an energy consumption of 0.45 kWh/kg. A 92% regeneration efficiency showed that the electrodes were stable and suitable for long term and scalable usage. The results demonstrate that MXenes have the potential to improve the FE-CDI process for energy-efficient removal and recovery of ammonia.
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