Interpreting chest radiograph, a.ka. chest x-ray, images is a necessary and crucial diagnostic tool used by medical professionals to detect and identify many diseases that may plague a patient. Although the images themselves contain a wealth of valuable information, their usefulness may be limited by how well they are interpreted, especially when the reviewing radiologist may be fatigued or when or an experienced radiologist is unavailable. Research in the use of deep learning models to analyze chest radiographs yielded impressive results where, in some instances, the models outperformed practicing radiologists. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have explored and proposed the use of said deep models to detect COVID-19 infections from radiographs as a possible way to help ease the strain on medical resources. In this study, we train and evaluate three model architectures, proposed for chest radiograph analysis, under varying conditions, find issues that discount the impressive model performances proposed by contemporary studies on this subject, and propose methodologies to train models that yield more reliable results.. Code, scripts, pre-trained models, and visualizations are available at https://github.com/nalbert/COVID-detection-from-radiographs.
Chest radiographs are among the most frequently acquired images in radiology and are often the subject of computer vision research. However, most of the models used to classify chest radiographs are derived from openly available deep neural networks, trained on large image-datasets. These datasets routinely differ from chest radiographs in that they are mostly color images and contain several possible image classes, while radiographs are greyscale images and often only contain fewer image classes. Therefore, very deep neural networks, which can represent more complex relationships in image-fea…
Total lung volume is an important quantitative biomarker and is used for the assessment of restrictive lung diseases. In this study, we investigate the performance of several deep-learning approaches for automated measurement of total lung volume from chest radiographs. 7621 posteroanterior and lateral view chest radiographs (CXR) were collected from patients with chest CT available. Similarly, 928 CXR studies were chosen from patients with pulmonary function test (PFT) results. The reference total lung volume was calculated from lung segmentation on CT or PFT data, respectively. This dataset …
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)（国立科技大学）
Among various medical imaging tools, chest radiographs are the most important and widely used diagnostic tool for detection of thoracic pathologies. Research is being carried out in order to propose robust automatic diagnostic tool for detection of pathologies from chest radiographs. Artificial Intelligence techniques especially deep learning methodologies have found to be giving promising results in automating the field of medicine. Lot of research has been done for automatic and fast detection of pneumothorax from chest radiographs while proposing several frameworks based on artificial intel…
Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）；Thomas Jefferson University（托马斯杰斐逊大学）
The purpose of this study is to develop an automated algorithm for thoracic vertebral segmentation on chest radiography using deep learning. 124 de-identified lateral chest radiographs on unique patients were obtained. Segmentations of visible vertebrae were manually performed by a medical student and verified by a board-certified radiologist. 74 images were used for training, 10 for validation, and 40 were held out for testing. A U-Net deep convolutional neural network was employed for segmentation, using the sum of dice coefficient and binary cross-entropy as the loss function. On the test s…
We propose an automated method based on deep learning to compute the cardiothoracic ratio and detect the presence of cardiomegaly from chest radiographs. We develop two separate models to demarcate the heart and chest regions in an X-ray image using bounding boxes and use their outputs to calculate the cardiothoracic ratio. We obtain a sensitivity of 0.96 at a specificity of 0.81 with a mean absolute error of 0.0209 on a held-out test dataset and a sensitivity of 0.84 at a specificity of 0.97 with a mean absolute error of 0.018 on an independent dataset from a different hospital. We also compa…
Large, labeled datasets have driven deep learning methods to achieve expert-level performance on a variety of medical imaging tasks. We present CheXpert, a large dataset that contains 224,316 chest radiographs of 65,240 patients. We design a labeler to automatically detect the presence of 14 observations in radiology reports, capturing uncertainties inherent in radiograph interpretation. We investigate different approaches to using the uncertainty labels for training convolutional neural networks that output the probability of these observations given the available frontal and lateral radiogra…
HIDSS4Health - Helmholtz Information and Data Science School for Health（HIDSS4Health——亥姆霍兹健康信息与数据科学学院）；Karlsruhe Institute of Technology（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）；German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg（海德堡德国癌症研究中心）
The lack of fine-grained annotations hinders the deployment of automated diagnosis systems, which require human-interpretable justification for their decision process. In this paper, we address the problem of weakly supervised identification and localization of abnormalities in chest radiographs. To that end, we introduce a novel loss function for training convolutional neural networks increasing the \emph{localization confidence} and assisting the overall \emph{disease identification}. The loss leverages both image- and patch-level predictions to generate auxiliary supervision. Rather than fo…
Lung nodules can be an alarming precursor to potential lung cancer. Missed nodule detections during chest radiograph analysis remains a common challenge among thoracic radiologists. In this work, we present a multi-task lung nodule detection algorithm for chest radiograph analysis. Unlike past approaches, our algorithm predicts a global-level label indicating nodule presence along with local-level labels predicting nodule locations using a Dual Head Network (DHN). We demonstrate the favorable nodule detection performance that our multi-task formulation yields in comparison to conventional meth…
Chest radiographs are commonly performed low-cost exams for screening and diagnosis. However, radiographs are 2D representations of 3D structures causing considerable clutter impeding visual inspection and automated image analysis. Here, we propose a Fully Convolutional Network to suppress, for a specific task, undesired visual structure from radiographs while retaining the relevant image information such as lung-parenchyma. The proposed algorithm creates reconstructed radiographs and ground-truth data from high resolution CT-scans. Results show that removing visual variation that is irrelevan…
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡哈拉格普尔分校）；Apollo Gleneagles Hospital（阿波罗格伦伊格尔斯医院）；Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.（英特尔技术印度私人有限公司）
Chest radiographs are primarily employed for the screening of cardio, thoracic and pulmonary conditions. Machine learning based automated solutions are being developed to reduce the burden of routine screening on Radiologists, allowing them to focus on critical cases. While recent efforts demonstrate the use of ensemble of deep convolutional neural networks(CNN), they do not take disease comorbidity into consideration, thus lowering their screening performance. To address this issue, we propose a Graph Neural Network (GNN) based solution to obtain ensemble predictions which models the dependen…
Philips Research（飞利浦研究院）；Hamburg University of Technology（汉堡工业大学）；Philips Healthcare（飞利浦医疗）；University of Washington Medical Center（华盛顿大学医学中心）
Pneumothorax is a critical condition that requires timely communication and immediate action. In order to prevent significant morbidity or patient death, early detection is crucial. For the task of pneumothorax detection, we study the characteristics of three different deep learning techniques: (i) convolutional neural networks, (ii) multiple-instance learning, and (iii) fully convolutional networks. We perform a five-fold cross-validation on a dataset consisting of 1003 chest X-ray images. ROC analysis yields AUCs of 0.96, 0.93, and 0.92 for the three methods, respectively. We review the clas…
Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院医学工程与科学研究所）；Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center（贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health（美国国立卫生研究院国家医学图书馆国家生物技术信息中心）
Chest radiography is an extremely powerful imaging modality, allowing for a detailed inspection of a patient's thorax, but requiring specialized training for proper interpretation. With the advent of high performance general purpose computer vision algorithms, the accurate automated analysis of chest radiographs is becoming increasingly of interest to researchers. However, a key challenge in the development of these techniques is the lack of sufficient data. Here we describe MIMIC-CXR-JPG v2.0.0, a large dataset of 377,110 chest x-rays associated with 227,827 imaging studies sourced from the B…
NYU Abu Dhabi（纽约大学阿布扎比分校）；NYU Grossman School of Medicine（纽约大学格罗斯曼医学院）
The healthcare domain is characterized by heterogeneous data modalities, such as imaging and physiological data. In practice, the variety of medical data assists clinicians in decision-making. However, most of the current state-of-the-art deep learning models solely rely upon carefully curated data of a single modality. In this paper, we propose a dynamic training approach to learn modality-specific data representations and to integrate auxiliary features, instead of solely relying on a single modality. Our preliminary experiments results for a patient phenotyping task using physiological data…
University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；National Research Council Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会）
Building AI models with trustworthiness is important especially in regulated areas such as healthcare. In tackling COVID-19, previous work uses convolutional neural networks as the backbone architecture, which has shown to be prone to over-caution and overconfidence in making decisions, rendering them less trustworthy -- a crucial flaw in the context of medical imaging. In this study, we propose a feature learning approach using Vision Transformers, which use an attention-based mechanism, and examine the representation learning capability of Transformers as a new backbone architecture for medi…
Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；University Hospitals Birmingham（伯明翰大学医院）
Chest radiography has been a recommended procedure for patient triaging and resource management in intensive care units (ICUs) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The machine learning efforts to augment this workflow have been long challenged due to deficiencies in reporting, model evaluation, and failure mode analysis. To address some of those shortcomings, we model radiological features with a human-interpretable class hierarchy that aligns with the radiological decision process. Also, we propose the use of a data-driven error analysis methodology to uncover the blind spots of our model, provi…
Pneumothorax is a relatively common disease, but in some cases, it may be difficult to find with chest radiography. In this paper, we propose a novel method of detecting pneumothorax in chest radiography. We propose an ensemble model of identical convolutional neural networks (CNN) with three different sizes of radiography images. Conventional methods may not properly characterize lost features while resizing large size images into 256 x 256 or 224 x 224 sizes. Our model is evaluated with ChestX-ray dataset which contains over 100,000 chest radiography images. As a result of the experiment, th…
Scaling Generative Foundation Models for Chest Radiography with Rectified Flow Transformers
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；Causality in Healthcare AI Hub（医疗AI因果关系中心）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Cleveland Clinic London（克利夫兰诊所伦敦）；Department of Perioperative Medicine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand（克莱蒙费朗大学医院围手术期医学科）；Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital（麻省总医院医学部）；Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard（麻省理工学院与哈佛大学博德研究所）
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center（贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Philips Research（飞利浦研究院）
Purpose: To develop a machine learning model to classify the severity grades of pulmonary edema on chest radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 369,071 chest radiographs and associated radiology reports from 64,581 (mean age, 51.71; 54.51% women) patients from the MIMIC-CXR chest radiograph dataset were included. This dataset was split into patients with and without congestive heart failure (CHF). Pulmonary edema severity labels from the associated radiology reports were extracted from patients with CHF as four different ordinal levels: 0, no edema; 1, vascular conges…
In this paper, we present a deep learning-based image processing technique for extraction of bone structures in chest radiographs using a U-Net FCNN. The U-Net was trained to accomplish the task in a fully supervised setting. To create the training image pairs, we employed simulated X-Ray or Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs (DRR), derived from 664 CT scans belonging to the LIDC-IDRI dataset. Using HU based segmentation of bone structures in the CT domain, a synthetic 2D "Bone x-ray" DRR is produced and used for training the network. For the reconstruction loss, we utilize two loss functions…
Accurate segmentation of anatomical structures in chest radiographs is essential for many computer-aided diagnosis tasks. In this paper we investigate the latest fully-convolutional architectures for the task of multi-class segmentation of the lungs field, heart and clavicles in a chest radiograph. In addition, we explore the influence of using different loss functions in the training process of a neural network for semantic segmentation. We evaluate all models on a common benchmark of 247 X-ray images from the JSRT database and ground-truth segmentation masks from the SCR dataset. Our best pe…
Chest radiographs are frequently used to verify the correct intubation of patients in the emergency room. Fast and accurate identification and localization of the endotracheal (ET) tube is critical for the patient. In this study we propose a novel automated deep learning scheme for accurate detection and segmentation of the ET tubes. Development of automatic systems using deep learning networks for classification and segmentation require large annotated data which is not always available. Here we present an approach for synthesizing ET tubes in real X-ray images. We suggest a method for traini…
In this work, we describe our approach to pneumonia classification and localization in chest radiographs. This method uses only \emph{open-source} deep learning object detection and is based on CoupleNet, a fully convolutional network which incorporates global and local features for object detection. Our approach achieves robustness through critical modifications of the training process and a novel ensembling algorithm which merges bounding boxes from several models. We tested our detection algorithm tested on a dataset of 3000 chest radiographs as part of the 2018 RSNA Pneumonia Challenge; ou…
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；NABLAS Inc.（NABLAS公司）
Chest radiography is a general method for diagnosing a patient's condition and identifying important information; therefore, radiography is used extensively in routine medical practice in various situations, such as emergency medical care and medical checkup. However, a high level of expertise is required to interpret chest radiographs. Thus, medical specialists spend considerable time in diagnosing such huge numbers of radiographs. In order to solve these problems, methods for generating findings have been proposed. However, the study of generating chest radiograph findings has primarily focu…
Over the last decade, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as the leading algorithms in image classification and segmentation. Recent publication of large medical imaging databases have accelerated their use in the biomedical arena. While training data for photograph classification benefits from aggressive geometric augmentation, medical diagnosis -- especially in chest radiographs -- depends more strongly on feature location. Diagnosis classification results may be artificially enhanced by reliance on radiographic annotations. This work introduces a general pre-processing step fo…
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；Ludwig Maximilian University（路德维希马克西米利安大学）
Chest x-rays are the most common radiology studies for diagnosing lung and heart disease. Hence, a system for automated pre-reporting of pathologic findings on chest x-rays would greatly enhance radiologists' productivity. To this end, we investigate a deep-learning framework with novel training schemes for classification of different thoracic pathology labels from chest x-rays. We use the currently largest publicly available annotated dataset ChestX-ray14 of 112,120 chest radiographs of 30,805 patients. Each image was annotated with either a 'NoFinding' class, or one or more of 14 thoracic pa…
Automated segmentation of Lungs plays a crucial role in the computer-aided diagnosis of chest X-Ray (CXR) images. Developing an efficient Lung segmentation model is challenging because of difficulties such as the presence of several edges at the rib cage and clavicle, inconsistent lung shape among different individuals, and the appearance of the lung apex. In this paper, we propose a robust model for Lung segmentation in Chest Radiographs. Our model learns to ignore the irrelevant regions in an input Chest Radiograph while highlighting regions useful for lung segmentation. The proposed model i…
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院）；Siemens Healthineers（西门子医疗）
Purpose: To leverage volumetric quantification of airspace disease (AD) derived from a superior modality (CT) serving as ground truth, projected onto digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) to: 1) train a convolutional neural network to quantify airspace disease on paired CXRs; and 2) compare the DRR-trained CNN to expert human readers in the CXR evaluation of patients with confirmed COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively selected a cohort of 86 COVID-19 patients (with positive RT-PCR), from March-May 2020 at a tertiary hospital in the northeastern USA, who underwent chest CT a…
Dartmouth College（达特茅斯学院）；Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center（达特茅斯-希区柯克医疗中心）
Background: Deep learning has great potential to assist with detecting and triaging critical findings such as pneumoperitoneum on medical images. To be clinically useful, the performance of this technology still needs to be validated for generalizability across different types of imaging systems. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 1,287 chest X-ray images of patients who underwent initial chest radiography at 13 different hospitals between 2011 and 2019. The chest X-ray images were labelled independently by four radiologist experts as positive or negative for pneumoperito…
While many quantum computing techniques for machine learning have been proposed, their performance on real-world datasets remains to be studied. In this paper, we explore how a variational quantum circuit could be integrated into a classical neural network for the problem of detecting pneumonia from chest radiographs. We substitute one layer of a classical convolutional neural network with a variational quantum circuit to create a hybrid neural network. We train both networks on an image dataset containing chest radiographs and benchmark their performance. To mitigate the influence of differen…
K. N. Toosi University of Technology（K. N. 图什理工大学）；Emory School of Medicine（埃默里大学医学院）
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have attracted extensive attention and been applied in many areas, including medical image analysis and clinical diagnosis. One major challenge is to conceive a DCNN model with remarkable performance on both internal and external data. We demonstrate that DCNNs may not generalize to new data, but increasing the quality and heterogeneity of the training data helps to improve the generalizibility factor. We use InceptionResNetV2 and DenseNet121 architectures to predict the risk of 5 common chest pathologies. The experiments were conducted on three publi…
Google Health, Google（谷歌健康，谷歌）；Apollo Radiology International（阿波罗国际放射医学）；Northwestern Medicine（西北医学）
Chest radiography (CXR) is the most widely-used thoracic clinical imaging modality and is crucial for guiding the management of cardiothoracic conditions. The detection of specific CXR findings has been the main focus of several artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, the wide range of possible CXR abnormalities makes it impractical to build specific systems to detect every possible condition. In this work, we developed and evaluated an AI system to classify CXRs as normal or abnormal. For development, we used a de-identified dataset of 248,445 patients from a multi-city hospital networ…
The accurate localization of inserted medical tubes and parts of human anatomy is a common problem when analyzing chest radiographs and something deep neural networks could potentially automate. However, many foreign objects like tubes and various anatomical structures are small in comparison to the entire chest X-ray, which leads to severely unbalanced data and makes training deep neural networks difficult. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective `Only-One-Object-Exists' (OOOE) assumption to improve the deep network's ability to localize small landmarks in chest radiographs. The OOOE…
The abundance of overlapping anatomical structures appearing in chest radiographs can reduce the performance of lung pathology detection by automated algorithms (CAD) as well as the human reader. In this paper, we present a deep learning based image processing technique for enhancing the contrast of soft lung structures in chest radiographs using Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNN). Two 2D FCNN architectures were trained to accomplish the task: The first performs 2D lung segmentation which is used for normalization of the lung area. The second FCNN is trained to extract lung structures.…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Philips Research North America（飞利浦北美研究院）；Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心）
We propose and demonstrate a novel machine learning algorithm that assesses pulmonary edema severity from chest radiographs. While large publicly available datasets of chest radiographs and free-text radiology reports exist, only limited numerical edema severity labels can be extracted from radiology reports. This is a significant challenge in learning such models for image classification. To take advantage of the rich information present in the radiology reports, we develop a neural network model that is trained on both images and free-text to assess pulmonary edema severity from chest radiog…
The image captioning task is increasingly prevalent in artificial intelligence applications for medicine. One important application is clinical report generation from chest radiographs. The clinical writing of unstructured reports is time consuming and error-prone. An automated system would improve standardization, error reduction, time consumption, and medical accessibility. In this paper we demonstrate the importance of domain specific pre-training and propose a modified transformer architecture for the medical image captioning task. To accomplish this, we train a series of modified transfor…
VUNO Inc.（VUNO公司）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；Asan Medical Center（峨山医疗中心）；University of Ulsan（蔚山大学）
Generating large quantities of quality labeled data in medical imaging is very time consuming and expensive. The performance of supervised algorithms for various tasks on imaging has improved drastically over the years, however the availability of data to train these algorithms have become one of the main bottlenecks for implementation. To address this, we propose a semi-supervised learning method where pseudo-negative labels from unlabeled data are used to further refine the performance of a pulmonary nodule detection network in chest radiographs. After training with the proposed network, the…
Leveraging Anatomical Constraints with Uncertainty for Pneumothorax Segmentation
Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Duke University（杜克大学）；Singapore General Hospital（新加坡中央医院）；Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research（新加坡科技研究局高性能计算研究所）；Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学数据科学研究院）
University of Wisconsin（威斯康星大学）；Henry Ford Health（亨利福特医疗集团）
Purpose: To answer the long-standing question of whether a model trained from a single clinical site can be generalized to external sites. Materials and Methods: 17,537 chest x-ray radiographs (CXRs) from 3,264 COVID-19-positive patients and 4,802 COVID-19-negative patients were collected from a single site for AI model development. The generalizability of the trained model was retrospectively evaluated using four different real-world clinical datasets with a total of 26,633 CXRs from 15,097 patients (3,277 COVID-19-positive patients). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve…
Chest X-ray is one of the most accessible medical imaging technique for diagnosis of multiple diseases. With the availability of ChestX-ray14, which is a massive dataset of chest X-ray images and provides annotations for 14 thoracic diseases; it is possible to train Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) to build Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems. In this work, we experiment a set of deep learning models and present a cascaded deep neural network that can diagnose all 14 pathologies better than the baseline and is competitive with other published methods. Our work provides the quantita…
National University of Sciences and Technology（国立科技大学）；Khalifa University（哈利法大学）
Pulmonary diseases can cause severe respiratory problems, leading to sudden death if not treated timely. Many researchers have utilized deep learning systems to diagnose pulmonary disorders using chest X-rays (CXRs). However, such systems require exhaustive training efforts on large-scale data to effectively diagnose chest abnormalities. Furthermore, procuring such large-scale data is often infeasible and impractical, especially for rare diseases. With the recent advances in incremental learning, researchers have periodically tuned deep neural networks to learn different classification tasks w…
AI Research Laboratory, RE-THINKING COMPANY（RE-THINKING 公司人工智能研究实验室）
We initially proposed a deep learning approach for foreign objects inpainting in smartphone-camera captured chest radiographs utilizing the cheXphoto dataset. Foreign objects which can significantly affect the quality of a computer-aided diagnostic prediction are captured under various settings. In this paper, we used multi-method to tackle both removal and inpainting chest radiographs. Firstly, an object detection model is trained to separate the foreign objects from the given image. Subsequently, the binary mask of each object is extracted utilizing a segmentation model. Each pair of the bin…
Phu Tho Department of Health（富寿省卫生厅）；Vingroup Big Data Institute（Vingroup大数据研究院）；VinUniversity（VinUniversity大学）；Phu Tho General Hospital（富寿综合医院）
Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems for chest radiographs using artificial intelligence (AI) have recently shown a great potential as a second opinion for radiologists. The performances of such systems, however, were mostly evaluated on a fixed dataset in a retrospective manner and, thus, far from the real performances in clinical practice. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanism for validating an AI-based system for detecting abnormalities on X-ray scans, VinDr-CXR, at the Phu Tho General Hospital - a provincial hospital in the North of Vietnam. The AI system was directly integrated into …
Siemens Healthineers（西门子医疗）；Massachusetts General Hospital（麻省总医院）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）
The interpretation of chest radiographs is an essential task for the detection of thoracic diseases and abnormalities. However, it is a challenging problem with high inter-rater variability and inherent ambiguity due to inconclusive evidence in the data, limited data quality or subjective definitions of disease appearance. Current deep learning solutions for chest radiograph abnormality classification are typically limited to providing probabilistic predictions, relying on the capacity of learning models to adapt to the high degree of label noise and become robust to the enumerated causal fact…
Recent advances in deep learning have led to a promising performance in many medical image analysis tasks. As the most commonly performed radiological exam, chest radiographs are a particularly important modality for which a variety of applications have been researched. The release of multiple, large, publicly available chest X-ray datasets in recent years has encouraged research interest and boosted the number of publications. In this paper, we review all studies using deep learning on chest radiographs, categorizing works by task: image-level prediction (classification and regression), segme…
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）；Apollo Gleneagles Hospital（阿波罗格伦伊格尔斯医院）；Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.（英特尔技术印度私人有限公司）
Chest radiographs are primarily employed for the screening of pulmonary and cardio-/thoracic conditions. Being undertaken at primary healthcare centers, they require the presence of an on-premise reporting Radiologist, which is a challenge in low and middle income countries. This has inspired the development of machine learning based automation of the screening process. While recent efforts demonstrate a performance benchmark using an ensemble of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN), our systematic search over multiple standard CNN architectures identified single candidate CNN models whose…
