无用功的证明--无功采矿系统的正反结果
Proofs of Useless Work -- Positive and Negative Results for Wasteless Mining Systems
摘要：
今天的许多区块链系统，包括比特币，都依赖于工作量证明（PoW）。工作量证明对于加密货币的活跃性和安全性至关重要。使用PoW时的假设是，在生成有效块之前，平均需要大量的试错。对这类系统提出的主要关切之一是在“无意义”问题上“浪费”能源的固有需要。事实上，比特币系统被认为比几个小国消耗更多的电力。在这项工作中，我们正式定义了无浪费PoW系统所必需的三个属性：（1）解决“有意义”的问题（2）有效地解决问题（3）防止双重攻击。这些属性旨在为解决问题创造一个开放的市场，在这个市场中，矿工以最有效的方式（无浪费）解决问题。该系统的安全性源于对这些问题的解决方案的需求所产生的经济激励。我们分析这些属性，并推导出必须适用于这样的PoW系统的约束。在我们的主要结果中，我们得出结论，在现实的假设下，所允许的问题集必须是原像抵抗功能，以保持系统的安全性和有效性。
英文摘要：
Many blockchain systems today, including Bitcoin, rely on Proof of Work (PoW). Proof of work is crucial to the liveness and security of cryptocurrencies. The assumption when using PoW is that a lot of trial and error is required on average before a valid block is generated. One of the main concerns raised with regard to this kind of system is the inherent need to "waste" energy on "meaningless" problems. In fact, the Bitcoin system is believed to consume more electricity than several small countries. In this work we formally define three properties that are necessary for wasteless PoW systems: (1) solve "meaningful" problems (2) solve them efficiently and (3) be secure against double-spend attacks. These properties aim to create an open market for problem-solving, in which miners produce solutions to problems in the most efficient way (wasteless). The security of the system stems from the economical incentive created by the demand for solutions to these problems. We analyze these properties, and deduce constraints that must apply to such PoW systems. In our main result, we conclude that under realistic assumptions, the set of allowed problems must be preimage resistant functions in order to keep the system secure and efficient.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
