天文学专业中的（无意识）偏见：提高公平性，包容性和代表性的普遍建议
(Un)conscious Bias in the Astronomical Profession: Universal Recommendations to improve Fairness, Inclusiveness, and Representation
摘要：
（无意识的）偏见影响着天文专业的各个方面，从科学活动（例如，邀请参加合作、提案选择、赠款分配、出版物审查过程以及邀请参加会议并在会议上发言）到与职业发展更严格相关的活动（例如，推荐信、奖学金、聘用、晋升和任期）。对许多人来说，（不）有意识的偏见仍然是实现卓越的主要障碍，因为最多样化的人才比他们更有特权的同事遇到更大的挑战和困难，以达到相同的里程碑。在过去几年中，空间望远镜科学研究所（STScI）开发了一些工具，以提高对（无）意识偏见的认识，并制定了准则和目标，以增加其科学活动中的多样性代表性和成果，包括与职业有关的事项和STScI赞助的研究金、会议、讲习班和座谈会。STScI还通过匿名提交和评估哈勃太空望远镜（很快将成为詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜）观测建议来解决同行评审过程中的（无）意识偏见。在本白皮书中，我们提出了一项计划，以标准化这些方法，并期望这些普遍的建议将真正增加多样性，包容性和公平性，如果在天文学界的所有科学活动中始终如一地应用。
英文摘要：
(Un)conscious bias affects every aspect of the astronomical profession, from scientific activities (e.g., invitations to join collaborations, proposal selections, grant allocations, publication review processes, and invitations to attend and speak at conferences) to activities more strictly related to career advancement (e.g., reference letters, fellowships, hiring, promotion, and tenure). For many, (un)conscious bias is still the main hurdle to achieving excellence, as the most diverse talents encounter bigger challenges and difficulties to reach the same milestones than their more privileged colleagues. Over the past few years, the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) has constructed tools to raise awareness of (un)conscious bias and has designed guidelines and goals to increase diversity representation and outcome in its scientific activities, including career-related matters and STScI sponsored fellowships, conferences, workshops, and colloquia. STScI has also addressed (un)conscious bias in the peer-review process by anonymizing submission and evaluation of Hubble Space Telescope (and soon to be James Webb Space Telescope) observing proposals. In this white paper we present a plan to standardize these methods with the expectation that these universal recommendations will truly increase diversity, inclusiveness and fairness in Astronomy if applied consistently throughout all the scientific activities of the Astronomical community.
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