资源优化与CAP定理
Resource Pools and the CAP Theorem
摘要：
区块链协议在基本方面有所不同，包括选择用户生成区块的机制（例如，工作证明对权益证明）和建立共识的方法（例如，最长链规则与BFT启发的协议）。这些根本性的差异阻碍了不同类别的区块链协议之间的“苹果对苹果”的比较，反过来，也阻碍了理论的发展，以正式讨论它们的相对优点。本文提出了一种简约的抽象，足以捕获和比较许多著名的无权限区块链协议的属性，同时捕获工作量证明和权益证明协议以及最长链类型和BFT类型协议的基本属性。我们的框架黑盒的用户选择过程的精确机制，使我们能够隔离的选择过程中的属性，这是重要的协议设计。我们说明了我们的框架的效用与两个结果。首先，我们证明了一个模拟的CAP定理从分布式计算我们的框架中的部分同步设置。这个定理表明，在自适应协议（如比特币）和具有某些最终属性的协议（如Algorand）之间存在基本的二分法，自适应协议可以在不可预测的参与水平下发挥作用。其次，我们形式化的想法，工作量证明（PoW）协议和非PoW协议可以区分的形式的许可，用户进行更新的状态。
英文摘要：
Blockchain protocols differ in fundamental ways, including the mechanics of selecting users to produce blocks (e.g., proof-of-work vs. proof-of-stake) and the method to establish consensus (e.g., longest chain rules vs. BFT-inspired protocols). These fundamental differences have hindered "apples-to-apples" comparisons between different categories of blockchain protocols and, in turn, the development of theory to formally discuss their relative merits. This paper presents a parsimonious abstraction sufficient for capturing and comparing properties of many well-known permissionless blockchain protocols, simultaneously capturing essential properties of both proof-of-work and proof-of-stake protocols, and of both longest-chain-type and BFT-type protocols. Our framework blackboxes the precise mechanics of the user selection process, allowing us to isolate the properties of the selection process which are significant for protocol design. We illustrate our framework's utility with two results. First, we prove an analog of the CAP theorem from distributed computing for our framework in a partially synchronous setting. This theorem shows that a fundamental dichotomy holds between protocols (such as Bitcoin) that are adaptive, in the sense that they can function given unpredictable levels of participation, and protocols (such as Algorand) that have certain finality properties. Second, we formalize the idea that proof-of-work (PoW) protocols and non-PoW protocols can be distinguished by the forms of permission that users are given to carry out updates to the state.
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