The synthesis of ATP, life's 'universal energy currency', is the most prevalent chemical reaction in biological systems, and is responsible for fueling nearly all cellular processes, from nerve impulse propagation to DNA synthesis. ATP synthases, the family of enzymes that carry out this endless task, are nearly as ubiquitous as the energy-laden molecule they are responsible for making. The F-type ATP synthase (F-ATPase) is found in every domain of life, and is believed to predate the divergence of these lineages over 1.5 billion years ago. These enzymes have therefore facilitated the survival of organisms in a wide range of habitats, ranging from the deep-sea thermal vents to the human intestine. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the structure and function of F-type ATPases, highlighting several adaptations that have been characterized across taxa. We emphasize the importance of studying these features within the context of the enzyme's particular lipid environment: Just as the interactions between an organism and its physical environment shape its evolutionary trajectory, ATPases are impacted by the membranes within which they reside. We argue that a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of membrane proteins -- including ATP synthase -- requires such an integrative approach.
Monitoring subunit rotation in single FRET-labeled FoF1-ATP synthase in an anti-Brownian electrokinetic trap
FoF 1-ATP合成酶是催化“生物能量货币”三磷酸腺苷(ATP)合成的膜蛋白。该酶利用内部亚基旋转将质子动力转化为化学键。我们应用单分子Förster共振能量转移(FRET)来监测两个耦合马达F1和Fo中的亚基旋转。因此,必须从大肠杆菌的质膜中分离酶,荧光标记并重组成120 nm大小的脂质囊泡以产生脂蛋白体。这些自由扩散的脂蛋白体偶尔穿过共聚焦检测体积,导致光子爆发。构象动力学的酶的FRET效率在一个单一的光子爆发的顺序变化进行了鉴定。通过在反布朗电动势阱(ABELtrap,由A. E. Cohen和W. E. Moerner)。在这里,我们描述了FoF 1-ATP合酶的制备程序和模拟FRET效率轨迹为“困”的蛋白脂质体。隐马尔可夫模型应用于信号与背景比的限制,用于识别旋转酶在低ATP浓度下运行时的停留和子步骤,由低激光功率激发,并由ABELtrap限制。
F1 rotary motor of ATP synthase is driven by the torsionally-asymmetric drive shaft
F1 F0 ATP合酶(ATP酶)在质子移动力(pmf)驱动的过程中促进线粒体膜和细菌内膜中ATP的合成,或者使用来自ATP水解的能量来逆着浓度梯度泵送质子穿过膜。ATP酶由两个旋转马达F0和F1组成,它们产生相反的旋转并竞争对它们共享的中央γ轴的控制。在这里,我们基于线圈γ轴扭转弹性能的不对称性,将F1电机的自洽物理模型描述为简化的两态布朗棘轮。该随机模型统一了直线电机和旋转电机的物理描述,并解释了$γ$ -轴的步进单向旋转,与Boyer的“绑定变化”思想一致。替代模型参数,所有独立已知从最近的实验中,我们的模型定量再现的ATP酶的操作,例如,“空载”角速度是ca。400~rad/s的抗张强度与实验结果基本一致。增加由F0施加的pmf扭矩可以减慢、停止和克服由F1产生的扭矩,以非常低的“失速扭矩”值从ATP水解切换到合成。我们讨论的问题的电机效率,这是非常低的,如果计算从有用的机械工作,它产生的-但相当高的“有用的结果”时,被衡量的数量H+推动对化学梯度在F1 ATP驱动的操作。
Monitoring single membrane protein dynamics in a liposome manipulated in solution by the ABELtrap
FoF 1-ATP合酶是维持细胞内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)水平的必需膜酶,由两个旋转马达组成。我们测量亚基旋转FoF 1-ATP合酶的分子内Foerster共振能量转移(FRET)在转子和定子的酶之间的两个荧光团。自由扩散的单酶在脂质囊泡的共焦FRET测量被限制到数百毫秒的通过激光焦点的渡越时间。我们评估了两种不同的方法来捕获共聚焦体积内的酶,以延长观察时间。Monte Carlo模拟结果表明,低激光功率的光镊不适用于直径为130 nm的脂质囊泡。A. E. Cohen(Harvard)和W. E. Moerner(Stanford)最近开发了一种反布朗电动势阱(ABELtrap),其能够明显地捕获溶液中的单个分子、蛋白质、病毒或囊泡。荧光颗粒的捕获是通过将实时、位置相关的反馈施加到微流体装置中的四个电极来实现的。在ABEL陷阱中,与给定目标位置的标准偏差小于200 nm。我们开发了一种ABELtrap与共聚焦FRET测量的组合,通过FRET在溶液中监测单膜酶动力学超过10秒。