Various parametric representations have been proposed to model the speech signal. While the performance of such vocoders is well-known in the context of speech processing, their extrapolation to singing voice synthesis might not be straightforward. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, a comparative subjective evaluation is performed across four existing techniques suitable for statistical parametric synthesis: traditional pulse vocoder, Deterministic plus Stochastic Model, Harmonic plus Noise Model and GlottHMM. The behavior of these techniques as a function of the singer type (baritone, counter-tenor and soprano) is studied. Secondly, the artifacts occurring in high-pitched voices are discussed and possible approaches to overcome them are suggested.
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Microsoft STC Asia（微软亚洲互联网工程院）
In this paper, we develop DeepSinger, a multi-lingual multi-singer singing voice synthesis (SVS) system, which is built from scratch using singing training data mined from music websites. The pipeline of DeepSinger consists of several steps, including data crawling, singing and accompaniment separation, lyrics-to-singing alignment, data filtration, and singing modeling. Specifically, we design a lyrics-to-singing alignment model to automatically extract the duration of each phoneme in lyrics starting from coarse-grained sentence level to fine-grained phoneme level, and further design a multi-l…
Meiji University（明治大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）
This paper presents a free Japanese singing voice corpus that can be used for highly applicable and reproducible singing voice synthesis research. A singing voice corpus helps develop singing voice synthesis, but existing corpora have two critical problems: data imbalance (singing voice corpora do not guarantee phoneme balance, unlike speaking-voice corpora) and copyright issues (cannot legally share data). As a way to avoid these problems, we constructed a PJS (phoneme-balanced Japanese singing voice) corpus that guarantees phoneme balance and is licensed with CC BY-SA 4.0, and we composed me…
Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo（东京大学信息科学与技术研究生院）
Thanks to developments in machine learning techniques, it has become possible to synthesize high-quality singing voices of a single singer. An open multispeaker singing-voice corpus would further accelerate the research in singing-voice synthesis. However, conventional singing-voice corpora only consist of the singing voices of a single singer. We designed a Japanese multispeaker singing-voice corpus called "JVS-MuSiC" with the aim to analyze and synthesize a variety of voices. The corpus consists of 100 singers' recordings of the same song, Katatsumuri, which is a Japanese children's song. It…
Fudan University（复旦大学）；Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.（平安科技（深圳）有限公司）；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）
Singing voice detection (SVD), to recognize vocal parts in the song, is an essential task in music information retrieval (MIR). The task remains challenging since singing voice varies and intertwines with the accompaniment music, especially for some complicated polyphonic music such as choral music recordings. To address this problem, we investigate singing voice detection while discarding the interference from the accompaniment. The proposed SVD has two steps: i. The singing voice separation (SVS) technique is first utilized to filter out the singing voice's potential part coarsely. ii. Upon …
MINDsLab Inc.（MINDsLab公司）；Seoul National University（首尔大学）
We propose a singing decomposition system that encodes time-aligned linguistic content, pitch, and source speaker identity via Assem-VC. With decomposed speaker-independent information and the target speaker's embedding, we could synthesize the singing voice of the target speaker. In conclusion, we made a perfectly synced duet with the user's singing voice and the target singer's converted singing voice.
This paper presents Sinsy, a deep neural network (DNN)-based singing voice synthesis (SVS) system. In recent years, DNNs have been utilized in statistical parametric SVS systems, and DNN-based SVS systems have demonstrated better performance than conventional hidden Markov model-based ones. SVS systems are required to synthesize a singing voice with pitch and timing that strictly follow a given musical score. Additionally, singing expressions that are not described on the musical score, such as vibrato and timing fluctuations, should be reproduced. The proposed system is composed of four modul…
Singing voice synthesis has been paid rising attention with the rapid development of speech synthesis area. In general, a studio-level singing corpus is usually necessary to produce a natural singing voice from lyrics and music-related transcription. However, such a corpus is difficult to collect since it's hard for many of us to sing like a professional singer. In this paper, we propose an approach -- Learn2Sing that only needs a singing teacher to generate the target speakers' singing voice without their singing voice data. In our approach, a teacher's singing corpus and speech from multiple…
Shanghai University（上海大学）；JD AI Research（京东人工智能研究院）；Shanghai Conservatory of Music（上海音乐学院）
This paper proposes an expressive singing voice synthesis system by introducing explicit vibrato modeling and latent energy representation. Vibrato is essential to the naturalness of synthesized sound, due to the inherent characteristics of human singing. Hence, a deep learning-based vibrato model is introduced in this paper to control the vibrato's likeliness, rate, depth and phase in singing, where the vibrato likeliness represents the existence probability of vibrato and it would help improve the singing voice's naturalness. Actually, there is no annotated label about vibrato likeliness in …
Recently, end-to-end Korean singing voice systems have been designed to generate realistic singing voices. However, these systems still suffer from a lack of robustness in terms of pronunciation accuracy. In this paper, we propose N-Singer, a non-autoregressive Korean singing voice system, to synthesize accurate and pronounced Korean singing voices in parallel. N-Singer consists of a Transformer-based mel-generator, a convolutional network-based postnet, and voicing-aware discriminators. It can contribute in the following ways. First, for accurate pronunciation, N-Singer separately models ling…
Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.（平安科技（深圳）有限公司）
Singing voice synthesis is a generative task that involves multi-dimensional control of the singing model, including lyrics, pitch, and duration, and includes the timbre of the singer and singing skills such as vibrato. In this paper, we proposed SU-net for singing voice synthesis named SUSing. Synthesizing singing voice is treated as a translation task between lyrics and music score and spectrum. The lyrics and music score information is encoded into a two-dimensional feature representation through the convolution layer. The two-dimensional feature and its frequency spectrum are mapped to the…
DNN-based ensemble singing voice synthesis with interactions between singers
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Keio University（庆应义塾大学）；National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)（国立先进工业科学技术研究所（AIST））；Meiji University（明治大学）
Techno-Speech, Inc.（Techno-Speech公司）；Nagoya Institute of Technology（名古屋工业大学）
The present paper describes a singing voice synthesis based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Singing voice synthesis systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently being proposed and are improving the naturalness of synthesized singing voices. In these systems, the relationship between musical score feature sequences and acoustic feature sequences extracted from singing voices is modeled by DNNs. Then, an acoustic feature sequence of an arbitrary musical score is output in units of frames by the trained DNNs, and a natural trajectory of a singing voice is obtained by using …
Generative models for singing voice have been mostly concerned with the task of ``singing voice synthesis,'' i.e., to produce singing voice waveforms given musical scores and text lyrics. In this work, we explore a novel yet challenging alternative: singing voice generation without pre-assigned scores and lyrics, in both training and inference time. In particular, we outline three such generation schemes, and propose a pipeline to tackle these new tasks. Moreover, we implement such models using generative adversarial networks and evaluate them both objectively and subjectively.
Automatic transcription of monophonic/polyphonic music is a challenging task due to the lack of availability of large amounts of transcribed data. In this paper, we propose a data augmentation method that converts natural speech to singing voice based on vocoder based speech synthesizer. This approach, called voice to singing (V2S), performs the voice style conversion by modulating the F0 contour of the natural speech with that of a singing voice. The V2S model based style transfer can generate good quality singing voice thereby enabling the conversion of large corpora of natural speech to sin…
We propose a novel unsupervised singing voice detection method which use single-channel Blind Audio Source Separation (BASS) algorithm as a preliminary step. To reach this goal, we investigate three promising BASS approaches which operate through a morphological filtering of the analyzed mixture spectrogram. The contributions of this paper are manyfold. First, the investigated BASS methods are reworded with the same formalism and we investigate their respective hyperparameters by numerical simulations. Second, we propose an extension of the KAM method for which we propose a novel training algo…
In this paper, we develop a new multi-singer Chinese neural singing voice synthesis (SVS) system named WeSinger. To improve the accuracy and naturalness of synthesized singing voice, we design several specifical modules and techniques: 1) A deep bi-directional LSTM-based duration model with multi-scale rhythm loss and post-processing step; 2) A Transformer-alike acoustic model with progressive pitch-weighted decoder loss; 3) a 24 kHz pitch-aware LPCNet neural vocoder to produce high-quality singing waveforms; 4) A novel data augmentation method with multi-singer pre-training for stronger robus…
Singing Voice Data Scaling-up: An Introduction to ACE-Opencpop and ACE-KiSing
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Duke Kunshan University（昆山杜克大学）；Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Multimodal Art Projection Community（多模态艺术投影社区）；Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）
In the recent years, singing voice separation systems showed increased performance due to the use of supervised training. The design of training datasets is known as a crucial factor in the performance of such systems. We investigate on how the characteristics of the training dataset impacts the separation performances of state-of-the-art singing voice separation algorithms. We show that the separation quality and diversity are two important and complementary assets of a good training dataset. We also provide insights on possible transforms to perform data augmentation for this task.
Beijing Language and Culture University（北京语言大学）；Soochow University（苏州大学）；Beijing Forestry University（北京林业大学）；the University of Auckland（奥克兰大学）
With the rapid development of neural network architectures and speech processing models, singing voice synthesis with neural networks is becoming the cutting-edge technique of digital music production. In this work, in order to explore how to improve the quality and efficiency of singing voice synthesis, in this work, we use encoder-decoder neural models and a number of vocoders to achieve singing voice synthesis. We conduct experiments to demonstrate that the models can be trained using voice data with pitch information, lyrics and beat information, and the trained models can produce smooth, …
Music and Audio Research Group (MARG), Seoul National University（首尔国立大学音乐与音频研究组（MARG））；supertone Inc.（supertone公司）
This paper proposes a controllable singing voice synthesis system capable of generating expressive singing voice with two novel methodologies. First, a local style token module, which predicts frame-level style tokens from an input pitch and text sequence, is proposed to allow the singing voice system to control musical expression often unspecified in sheet music (e.g., breathing and intensity). Second, we propose a dual-path pitch encoder with a choice of two different pitch inputs: MIDI pitch sequence or f0 contour. Because the initial generation of a singing voice is usually executed by tak…
Fraunhofer-IDMT（弗劳恩霍夫数字媒体技术研究所）；Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Technical University of Ilmenau（伊尔梅瑙工业大学）
In this work, we present a method for learning interpretable music signal representations directly from waveform signals. Our method can be trained using unsupervised objectives and relies on the denoising auto-encoder model that uses a simple sinusoidal model as decoding functions to reconstruct the singing voice. To demonstrate the benefits of our method, we employ the obtained representations to the task of informed singing voice separation via binary masking, and measure the obtained separation quality by means of scale-invariant signal to distortion ratio. Our findings suggest that our me…
Techno-Speech, Inc.（Techno-Speech公司）；Nagoya Institute of Technology（名古屋工业大学）
The present paper describes singing voice synthesis based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Singing voice synthesis systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently being proposed and are improving the naturalness of synthesized singing voices. As singing voices represent a rich form of expression, a powerful technique to model them accurately is required. In the proposed technique, long-term dependencies of singing voices are modeled by CNNs. An acoustic feature sequence is generated for each segment that consists of long-term frames, and a natural trajectory is obtained with…
Recent studies in singing voice synthesis have achieved high-quality results leveraging advances in text-to-speech models based on deep neural networks. One of the main issues in training singing voice synthesis models is that they require melody and lyric labels to be temporally aligned with audio data. The temporal alignment is a time-exhausting manual work in preparing for the training data. To address the issue, we propose a melody-unsupervision model that requires only audio-and-lyrics pairs without temporal alignment in training time but generates singing voice audio given a melody and l…
Music source separation is important for applications such as karaoke and remixing. Much of previous research focuses on estimating short-time Fourier transform (STFT) magnitude and discarding phase information. We observe that, for singing voice separation, phase can make considerable improvement in separation quality. This paper proposes a complex ratio masking method for voice and accompaniment separation. The proposed method employs DenseUNet with self attention to estimate the real and imaginary components of STFT for each sound source. A simple ensemble technique is introduced to further…
Microsoft STC Asia（微软亚洲软件技术中心）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
High-fidelity singing voices usually require higher sampling rate (e.g., 48kHz) to convey expression and emotion. However, higher sampling rate causes the wider frequency band and longer waveform sequences and throws challenges for singing voice synthesis (SVS) in both frequency and time domains. Conventional SVS systems that adopt small sampling rate cannot well address the above challenges. In this paper, we develop HiFiSinger, an SVS system towards high-fidelity singing voice. HiFiSinger consists of a FastSpeech based acoustic model and a Parallel WaveGAN based vocoder to ensure fast traini…
High-fidelity multi-singer singing voice synthesis is challenging for neural vocoder due to the singing voice data shortage, limited singer generalization, and large computational cost. Existing open corpora could not meet requirements for high-fidelity singing voice synthesis because of the scale and quality weaknesses. Previous vocoders have difficulty in multi-singer modeling, and a distinct degradation emerges when conducting unseen singer singing voice generation. To accelerate singing voice researches in the community, we release a large-scale, multi-singer Chinese singing voice dataset …
This paper aims to introduce a robust singing voice synthesis (SVS) system to produce very natural and realistic singing voices efficiently by leveraging the adversarial training strategy. On one hand, we designed simple but generic random area conditional discriminators to help supervise the acoustic model, which can effectively avoid the over-smoothed spectrogram prediction and improve the expressiveness of SVS. On the other hand, we subtly combined the spectrogram with the frame-level linearly-interpolated F0 sequence as the input for the neural vocoder, which is then optimized with the hel…
Music information retrieval is currently an active research area that addresses the extraction of musically important information from audio signals, and the applications of such information. The extracted information can be used for search and retrieval of music in recommendation systems, or to aid musicological studies or even in music learning. Sophisticated signal processing techniques are applied to convert low-level acoustic signal properties to musical attributes which are further embedded in a rule-based or statistical classification framework to link with high-level descriptions such …
Beijing Bombax XiaoIce Technology Co., Ltd（北京木棉小冰科技有限公司）；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）；SOKENDAI（综合研究大学院大学）
XiaoiceSing is a singing voice synthesis (SVS) system that aims at generating 48kHz singing voices. However, the mel-spectrogram generated by it is over-smoothing in middle- and high-frequency areas due to no special design for modeling the details of these parts. In this paper, we propose XiaoiceSing2, which can generate the details of middle- and high-frequency parts to better construct the full-band mel-spectrogram. Specifically, in order to alleviate this problem, XiaoiceSing2 adopts a generative adversarial network (GAN), which consists of a FastSpeech-based generator and a multi-band dis…
This paper describes the design of NNSVS, an open-source software for neural network-based singing voice synthesis research. NNSVS is inspired by Sinsy, an open-source pioneer in singing voice synthesis research, and provides many additional features such as multi-stream models, autoregressive fundamental frequency models, and neural vocoders. Furthermore, NNSVS provides extensive documentation and numerous scripts to build complete singing voice synthesis systems. Experimental results demonstrate that our best system significantly outperforms our reproduction of Sinsy and other baseline syste…
In this paper, a text-to-rapping/singing system is introduced, which can be adapted to any speaker's voice. It utilizes a Tacotron-based multispeaker acoustic model trained on read-only speech data and which provides prosody control at the phoneme level. Dataset augmentation and additional prosody manipulation based on traditional DSP algorithms are also investigated. The neural TTS model is fine-tuned to an unseen speaker's limited recordings, allowing rapping/singing synthesis with the target's speaker voice. The detailed pipeline of the system is described, which includes the extraction of …
Universitat Pompeu Fabra（庞培法布拉大学）；Joint Research Centre, European Commission（欧盟联合研究中心）
We present a deep neural network based singing voice synthesizer, inspired by the Deep Convolutions Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN) architecture and optimized using the Wasserstein-GAN algorithm. We use vocoder parameters for acoustic modelling, to separate the influence of pitch and timbre. This facilitates the modelling of the large variability of pitch in the singing voice. Our network takes a block of consecutive frame-wise linguistic and fundamental frequency features, along with global singer identity as input and outputs vocoder features, corresponding to the block of features. …
The task of isolating a target singing voice in music videos has useful applications. In this work, we explore the single-channel singing voice separation problem from a multimodal perspective, by jointly learning from audio and visual modalities. To do so, we present Acappella, a dataset spanning around 46 hours of a cappella solo singing videos sourced from YouTube. We also propose an audio-visual convolutional network based on graphs which achieves state-of-the-art singing voice separation results on our dataset and compare it against its audio-only counterpart, U-Net, and a state-of-the-ar…
Fraunhofer-IDMT（弗劳恩霍夫数字媒体技术研究所）；Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Technical University of Ilmenau（伊尔梅瑙工业大学）
In this work we present a method for unsupervised learning of audio representations, focused on the task of singing voice separation. We build upon a previously proposed method for learning representations of time-domain music signals with a re-parameterized denoising autoencoder, extending it by using the family of Sinkhorn distances with entropic regularization. We evaluate our method on the freely available MUSDB18 dataset of professionally produced music recordings, and our results show that Sinkhorn distances with small strength of entropic regularization are marginally improving the perf…
In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Korean singing voice synthesis system from lyrics and a symbolic melody using the following three novel approaches: 1) phonetic enhancement masking, 2) local conditioning of text and pitch to the super-resolution network, and 3) conditional adversarial training. The proposed system consists of two main modules; a mel-synthesis network that generates a mel-spectrogram from the given input information, and a super-resolution network that upsamples the generated mel-spectrogram into a linear-spectrogram. In the mel-synthesis network, phonetic enhancement ma…
Detecting singing-voice in polyphonic instrumental music is critical to music information retrieval. To train a robust vocal detector, a large dataset marked with vocal or non-vocal label at frame-level is essential. However, frame-level labeling is time-consuming and labor expensive, resulting there is little well-labeled dataset available for singing-voice detection (S-VD). Hence, we propose a data augmentation method for S-VD by transfer learning. In this study, clean speech clips with voice activity endpoints and separate instrumental music clips are artificially added together to simulate…
Multi-speaker singing voice synthesis is to generate the singing voice sung by different speakers. To generalize to new speakers, previous zero-shot singing adaptation methods obtain the timbre of the target speaker with a fixed-size embedding from single reference audio. However, they face several challenges: 1) the fixed-size speaker embedding is not powerful enough to capture full details of the target timbre; 2) single reference audio does not contain sufficient timbre information of the target speaker; 3) the pitch inconsistency between different speakers also leads to a degradation in th…
This paper presents a new method of singing voice analysis that performs mutually-dependent singing voice separation and vocal fundamental frequency (F0) estimation. Vocal F0 estimation is considered to become easier if singing voices can be separated from a music audio signal, and vocal F0 contours are useful for singing voice separation. This calls for an approach that improves the performance of each of these tasks by using the results of the other. The proposed method first performs robust principal component analysis (RPCA) for roughly extracting singing voices from a target music audio s…
