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arXiv 2006.01912cs.CL
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神经语言模型对人类实时的理解行为的预测能力

On the Predictive Power of Neural Language Models for Human Real-Time Comprehension Behavior

Harvard University(哈佛大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院)

Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Jon Gauthier, Jennifer Hu, Peng Qian, Roger Levy

摘要:

人类的阅读行为是根据自然语言的统计数据调整的:人类受试者阅读一个单词所花费的时间可以通过对该单词在上下文中的概率的估计来预测。然而,它仍然是一个悬而未决的问题,什么样的计算架构最好地表征了人类实时的部署的期望,这些期望决定了阅读的行为特征。在这里,我们测试了二十多个模型,独立地操纵计算架构和训练数据集的大小,关于他们的下一个词的预期如何预测人类在自然主义文本语料库上的阅读时间行为。我们发现,在模型架构和训练数据集大小之间,单词对数概率和阅读时间之间的关系是(接近)线性的。接下来,我们评估这些模型的特征如何决定其心理测量预测能力,或预测人类阅读行为的能力。一般来说,一个模型对下一个词的预期越好,它的心理预测能力就越好。然而,我们发现在不同的模型架构之间存在着重要的差异。对于任何给定的困惑,深度Transformer模型和n-gram模型通常显示出优于LSTM或结构监督神经模型的心理测量预测能力,特别是对于眼动数据。最后,我们比较模型的心理预测能力,他们的句法知识的深度,作为测量的电池的句法泛化测试开发的方法从受控的心理语言学实验。一旦困惑被控制,我们发现句法知识和预测能力之间没有显着的关系。这些结果表明,可能需要不同的方法来最好地模拟人类的实时的语言理解行为在自然主义的阅读与行为的控制语言材料设计的有针对性的探测句法知识。

英文摘要:

Human reading behavior is tuned to the statistics of natural language: the time it takes human subjects to read a word can be predicted from estimates of the word's probability in context. However, it remains an open question what computational architecture best characterizes the expectations deployed in real time by humans that determine the behavioral signatures of reading. Here we test over two dozen models, independently manipulating computational architecture and training dataset size, on how well their next-word expectations predict human reading time behavior on naturalistic text corpora. We find that across model architectures and training dataset sizes the relationship between word log-probability and reading time is (near-)linear. We next evaluate how features of these models determine their psychometric predictive power, or ability to predict human reading behavior. In general, the better a model's next-word expectations, the better its psychometric predictive power. However, we find nontrivial differences across model architectures. For any given perplexity, deep Transformer models and n-gram models generally show superior psychometric predictive power over LSTM or structurally supervised neural models, especially for eye movement data. Finally, we compare models' psychometric predictive power to the depth of their syntactic knowledge, as measured by a battery of syntactic generalization tests developed using methods from controlled psycholinguistic experiments. Once perplexity is controlled for, we find no significant relationship between syntactic knowledge and predictive power. These results suggest that different approaches may be required to best model human real-time language comprehension behavior in naturalistic reading versus behavior for controlled linguistic materials designed for targeted probing of syntactic knowledge.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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