重新审视发展中国家环境商品和服务的货币和劳动价值
Revisiting money and labor for valuing environmental goods and services in developing countries
摘要：
在发展中国家进行的许多国家优惠研究表明，对各种商品和服务的支付意愿较低。然而，这些国家最近的研究表明，这可能部分是由于选择了支付工具，而不是对商品的偏好。因此，低支付意愿可能并不表明发展中国家公共项目的福利效应较低。我们认为，在1）货币和其他财富衡量标准（例如劳动力）之间存在不完美的替代性，2）机构被认为是腐败的，包括目前个人可以使用的支付工具，并且可能需要较少的腐败来获得有效的福利估计。否则，我们有可能低估项目的福利效益。我们证明了这一点，通过农村家庭特遣队估值（CV）调查，旨在引出在埃塞俄比亚获得可靠的灌溉水的价值。在获得可靠灌溉服务的年平均支付意愿总额中，现金贡献仅占24.41%。这意味着，社会可取的项目可能会拒绝基于成本效益分析的结果，福利收益低估，由于支付工具的选择不匹配的估值研究。
英文摘要：
Many Stated Preference studies conducted in developing countries provide a low willingness to pay (WTP) for a wide range of goods and services. However, recent studies in these countries indicate that this may partly be a result of the choice of payment vehicle, not the preference for the good. Thus, low WTP may not indicate a low welfare effect for public projects in developing countries. We argue that in a setting where 1) there is imperfect substitutability between money and other measures of wealth (e.g. labor), and 2) institutions are perceived to be corrupt, including payment vehicles that are currently available to the individual and less pron to corruption may be needed to obtain valid welfare estimates. Otherwise, we risk underestimating the welfare benefit of projects. We demonstrate this through a rural household contingent valuation (CV) survey designed to elicit the value of access to reliable irrigation water in Ethiopia. Of the total average annual WTP for access to reliable irrigation service, cash contribution comprises only 24.41 %. The implication is that socially desirable projects might be rejected based on cost-benefit analysis as a result of welfare gain underestimation due to mismatch of payment vehicles choice in valuation study.
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