利用HST探测到的宇宙线作为地球物理标志I：宇宙射线的探测与表征
Using Cosmic Rays detected by HST as Geophysical Markers I: Detection and Characterization of Cosmic Rays
摘要：
哈勃太空望远镜（HST）已经运行了30多年，在此期间，它一直受到高能带电粒子的轰击，俗称宇宙射线。在本文中，我们提出了一个全面的研究，超过12亿宇宙射线观测与HST使用自定义编写的Python包，\texttt{HSTcosmicrays}，这是提供给天文学界。我们分析了$75,908$暗校准文件作为常规校准程序的一部分，为五个不同的CCD成像仪与太阳活动周期23和24的业务覆盖。我们观测到预期的银河宇宙射线受太阳活动的调制。我们观察到的能量损失分布模型，以获得一个估计为534 $\pm$ 117兆电子伏的动能的典型宇宙射线影响HST。对于厚度不均匀性最大的三个成像器，我们通过分析宇宙射线撞击探测器视场，独立确认了边缘分析产生的整体结构。分析了HST穿越南大西洋异常时的STIS/CCD观测数据，发现了$\sim1100$ $particle/s/cm^2$的宇宙线粒子通量峰值。我们发现了强有力的证据，在北美和澳大利亚的两个空间受限的地区，表现出增加的宇宙射线粒子通量在$5σ$水平。
英文摘要：
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been operational for over 30 years and throughout that time it has been bombarded by high energy charged particles colloquially referred to as cosmic rays. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of more than 1.2 billion cosmic rays observed with HST using a custom written python package, \texttt{HSTcosmicrays}, that is available to the astronomical community. We analyzed $75,908$ dark calibration files taken as part of routine calibration programs for five different CCD imagers with operational coverage of Solar Cycle 23 and 24. We observe the expected modulation of galactic cosmic rays by solar activity. We model the observed energy-loss distributions to derive an estimate of 534 $\pm$ 117 MeV for the kinetic energy of the typical cosmic ray impacting HST. For the three imagers with the largest non-uniformity in thickness, we independently confirm the overall structure produced by fringing analyses by analyzing cosmic ray strikes across the detector field of view. We analyze STIS/CCD observations taken as HST crosses over the South Atlantic Anomaly and find a peak cosmic-ray particle flux of $\sim1100$ $particle/s/cm^2$. We find strong evidence for two spatially confined regions over North America and Australia that exhibit increased cosmic-ray particle fluxes at the $5σ$ level.
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