Automatic classification between COVID-19 pneumonia, non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and the healthy on chest X-ray image: combination of data augmentation methods
Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine（神户大学医学院）；Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine（京都大学医学院）
Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate computer-aided diagnosis (CXDx) system for classification between COVID-19 pneumonia, non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and the healthy on chest X-ray (CXR) images.
Materials and Methods: From two public datasets, 1248 CXR images were obtained, which included 215, 533, and 500 CXR images of COVID-19 pneumonia patients, non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, and the healthy samples. The proposed CADx system utilized VGG16 as a pre-trained model and combination of conventional method and mixup as data augmentation methods. Other types of pre-trained models were compared with the VGG16-based model. Single type or no data augmentation methods were also evaluated. Splitting of training/validation/test sets was used when building and evaluating the CADx system. Three-category accuracy was evaluated for test set with 125 CXR images.
Results: The three-category accuracy of the CAD system was 83.6% between COVID-19 pneumonia, non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and the healthy. Sensitivity for COVID-19 pneumonia was more than 90%. The combination of conventional method and mixup was more useful than single type or no data augmentation method.
Conclusion: This study was able to create an accurate CADx system for the 3-category classification. Source code of our CADx system is available as open source for COVID-19 research.
Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校科克雷尔工程学院）；School of Information, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校信息学院）；Weill Cornell Medicine（威尔康奈尔医学院）
Chest X-ray becomes one of the most common medical diagnoses due to its noninvasiveness. The number of chest X-ray images has skyrocketed, but reading chest X-rays still have been manually performed by radiologists, which creates huge burnouts and delays. Traditionally, radiomics, as a subfield of radiology that can extract a large number of quantitative features from medical images, demonstrates its potential to facilitate medical imaging diagnosis before the deep learning era. With the rise of deep learning, the explainability of deep neural networks on chest X-ray diagnosis remains opaque. …
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen（西北工业大学深圳研究院）；The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；GreyBird Ventures, LLC（GreyBird Ventures有限责任公司）；JF Healthcare Inc.（JF Healthcare公司）
Cluster of viral pneumonia occurrences during a short period of time may be a harbinger of an outbreak or pandemic, like SARS, MERS, and recent COVID-19. Rapid and accurate detection of viral pneumonia using chest X-ray can be significantly useful in large-scale screening and epidemic prevention, particularly when other chest imaging modalities are less available. Viral pneumonia often have diverse causes and exhibit notably different visual appearances on X-ray images. The evolution of viruses and the emergence of novel mutated viruses further result in substantial dataset shift, which greatl…
In this study, a dataset of X-ray images from patients with common viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, confirmed Covid-19 disease was utilized for the automatic detection of the Coronavirus disease. The point of the investigation is to assess the exhibition of cutting edge convolutional neural system structures proposed over the ongoing years for clinical picture order. In particular, the system called Transfer Learning was received. With transfer learning, the location of different variations from the norm in little clinical picture datasets is a reachable objective, regularly yielding amaz…
In this work, we describe our approach to pneumonia classification and localization in chest radiographs. This method uses only \emph{open-source} deep learning object detection and is based on CoupleNet, a fully convolutional network which incorporates global and local features for object detection. Our approach achieves robustness through critical modifications of the training process and a novel ensembling algorithm which merges bounding boxes from several models. We tested our detection algorithm tested on a dataset of 3000 chest radiographs as part of the 2018 RSNA Pneumonia Challenge; ou…
Over the last year, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants have highlighted the importance of screening tools with high diagnostic accuracy for new illnesses such as COVID-19. To that regard, deep learning approaches have proven as effective solutions for pneumonia classification, especially when considering chest-x-rays images. However, this lung infection can also be caused by other viral, bacterial or fungi pathogens. Consequently, efforts are being poured toward distinguishing the infection source to help clinicians to diagnose the correct disease…
Cupertino High School（库比蒂诺高中）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the highly contagious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The standard diagnostic testing procedure for COVID-19 is testing a nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which can take multiple days to provide a diagnosis. Another widespread form of testing is rapid antigen testing, which has a low sensitivity compared to PCR, but is favored for its quick diagnosis time of usually 15-30 minutes. Patients who test positive for COVID-19 demonstrate diffuse alv…
Harrisburg University of Science and Technology（哈里斯堡科技大学）
Pneumonia is caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi that infect the lungs, which, if not diagnosed, can be fatal and lead to respiratory failure. More than 250,000 individuals in the United States, mainly adults, are diagnosed with pneumonia each year, and 50,000 die from the disease. Chest Radiography (X-ray) is widely used by radiologists to detect pneumonia. It is not uncommon to overlook pneumonia detection for a well-trained radiologist, which triggers the need for improvement in the diagnosis's accuracy. In this work, we propose using transfer learning, which can reduce the neural network…
University of Dhaka（达卡大学）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University（邦班杜·谢赫·穆吉布医科大学）；North South University（北南大学）；Qatar Armed Forces-Academic Bridge Program（卡塔尔武装部队-学术桥梁计划）；Qatar Foundation（卡塔尔基金会）
Pneumonia is a life-threatening disease, which occurs in the lungs caused by either bacterial or viral infection. It can be life-endangering if not acted upon in the right time and thus an early diagnosis of pneumonia is vital. The aim of this paper is to automatically detect bacterial and viral pneumonia using digital x-ray images. It provides a detailed report on advances made in making accurate detection of pneumonia and then presents the methodology adopted by the authors. Four different pre-trained deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)- AlexNet, ResNet18, DenseNet201, and SqueezeNet wer…
Université de Haute-Alsace（上阿尔萨斯大学）；Université de Strasbourg（斯特拉斯堡大学）；University of Lille（里尔大学）；YNCREA-ISEN Lille（里尔YNCREA-ISEN工程学院）；University of the Basque Country（巴斯克大学）；IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯克巴斯克科学基金会）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Inserm（法国国家健康与医学研究院）；CHU Lille（里尔大学医院）
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with first symptoms similar to the flu. COVID-19 appeared first in China and very quickly spreads to the rest of the world, causing then the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic. In many cases, this disease causes pneumonia. Since pulmonary infections can be observed through radiography images, this paper investigates deep learning methods for automatically analyzing query chest X-ray images with the hope to bring precision tools to health professionals towards screening the COVID-19 and diagnosing confirmed patients. In this context, traini…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University（成都大学附属医院）
Computer-aided X-ray pneumonia lesion recognition is important for accurate diagnosis of pneumonia. With the emergence of deep learning, the identification accuracy of pneumonia has been greatly improved, but there are still some challenges due to the fuzzy appearance of chest X-rays. In this paper, we propose a deep learning framework named Attention-Based Contrastive Learning for Class-Imbalanced X-Ray Pneumonia Lesion Recognition (denoted as Deep Pneumonia). We adopt self-supervised contrastive learning strategy to pre-train the model without using extra pneumonia data for fully mining the …
With the advancement in AI, deep learning techniques are widely used to design robust classification models in several areas such as medical diagnosis tasks in which it achieves good performance. In this paper, we have proposed the CNN model (Convolutional Neural Network) for the classification of Chest X-ray images for Radiological Society of North America Pneumonia (RSNA) datasets. The study also tries to achieve the same RSNA benchmark results using the limited computational resources by trying out various approaches to the methodologies that have been implemented in recent years. The propo…
Jadavpur University（贾达普大学）；Heritage Institute of Technology（赫里蒂奇理工学院）
Pneumonia is one of the major reasons for child mortality especially in income-deprived regions of the world. Although it can be detected and treated with very less sophisticated instruments and medication, Pneumonia detection still remains a major concern in developing countries. Computer-aided based diagnosis (CAD) systems can be used in such countries due to their lower operating costs than professional medical experts. In this paper, we propose a CAD system for Pneumonia detection from Chest X-rays, using the concepts of deep learning and a meta-heuristic algorithm. We first extract deep f…
We develop an algorithm that can detect pneumonia from chest X-rays at a level exceeding practicing radiologists. Our algorithm, CheXNet, is a 121-layer convolutional neural network trained on ChestX-ray14, currently the largest publicly available chest X-ray dataset, containing over 100,000 frontal-view X-ray images with 14 diseases. Four practicing academic radiologists annotate a test set, on which we compare the performance of CheXNet to that of radiologists. We find that CheXNet exceeds average radiologist performance on the F1 metric. We extend CheXNet to detect all 14 diseases in ChestX…
Advancing Diagnostic Precision: Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques for Accurate Detection of Covid-19, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis in Chest X-Ray Images
The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly all over the world and it is affecting the whole society. The current gold standard test for screening COVID-19 patients is the polymerase chain reaction test. However, the COVID-19 test kits are not widely available and time-consuming. Thus, as an alternative, chest X-rays are being considered for quick screening. Since the presentation of COVID-19 in chest X-rays is varied in features and specialization in reading COVID-19 chest X-rays are required thus limiting its use for diagnosis. To address this challenge of reading chest X-rays b…
Manchester Metropolitan University（曼彻斯特城市大学）；Brunel University（布鲁内尔大学）；Whiston Hospital（惠斯顿医院）；St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust（圣海伦斯和诺斯利教学医院国民保健服务信托）；University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）
Accurate and rapid detection of COVID-19 pneumonia is crucial for optimal patient treatment. Chest X-Ray (CXR) is the first line imaging test for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis as it is fast, cheap and easily accessible. Inspired by the success of deep learning (DL) in computer vision, many DL-models have been proposed to detect COVID-19 pneumonia using CXR images. Unfortunately, these deep classifiers lack the transparency in interpreting findings, which may limit their applications in clinical practice. The existing commonly used visual explanation methods are either too noisy or imprecise, wi…
Around 450 million people are affected by pneumonia every year which results in 2.5 million deaths. Covid-19 has also affected 181 million people which has lead to 3.92 million casualties. The chances of death in both of these diseases can be significantly reduced if they are diagnosed early. However, the current methods of diagnosing pneumonia (complaints + chest X-ray) and covid-19 (RT-PCR) require the presence of expert radiologists and time, respectively. With the help of Deep Learning models, pneumonia and covid-19 can be detected instantly from Chest X-rays or CT scans. This way, the pro…
Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu（印度理工学院贾姆姆分校）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）
We propose a two-stage Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based classification framework for detecting COVID-19 and Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) using the chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan images. In the first stage, an infection - COVID-19 or CAP, is detected using a pre-trained DenseNet architecture. Then, in the second stage, a fine-grained three-way classification is done using EfficientNet architecture. The proposed COVID+CAP-CNN framework achieved a slice-level classification accuracy of over 94% at identifying COVID-19 and CAP. Further, the proposed framework has the potential t…
Deep Learning-Based Pneumonia Detection from Chest X-ray Images: A CNN Approach with Performance Analysis and Clinical Implications
Amity Institute of Bio Technology, Amity University Kolkata（阿米蒂大学加尔各答分校阿米蒂生物技术学院）；Dept of Computer Science, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata（加尔各答遗产技术学院计算机科学系）；School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Kolkata（阿米蒂大学加尔各答分校工程与技术学院）
Concordia University（康考迪亚大学）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
A long-standing challenge of deep learning models involves how to handle noisy labels, especially in applications where human lives are at stake. Adoption of the data Shapley Value (SV), a cooperative game theoretical approach, is an intelligent valuation solution to tackle the issue of noisy labels. Data SV can be used together with a learning model and an evaluation metric to validate each training point's contribution to the model's performance. The SV of a data point, however, is not unique and depends on the learning model, the evaluation metric, and other data points collaborating in the…
The reliability of machine learning models can be compromised when trained on low quality data. Many large-scale medical imaging datasets contain low quality labels extracted from sources such as medical reports. Moreover, images within a dataset may have heterogeneous quality due to artifacts and biases arising from equipment or measurement errors. Therefore, algorithms that can automatically identify low quality data are highly desired. In this study, we used data Shapley, a data valuation metric, to quantify the value of training data to the performance of a pneumonia detection algorithm in…
Taiwan AI Labs（台湾人工智能实验室）；National Taiwan University Hospital（国立台湾大学医学院附设医院）；Taipei Medical University Hospital（台北医学大学附设医院）；National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare（卫生福利部中央健康保险署）；Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare（卫生福利部疾病管制署）；Taiwan Executive Yuan（台湾行政院）；National Taiwan University College of Medicine（国立台湾大学医学院）
We introduce a comprehensive screening platform for the COVID-19 (a.k.a., SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia. The proposed AI-based system works on chest x-ray (CXR) images to predict whether a patient is infected with the COVID-19 disease. Although the recent international joint effort on making the availability of all sorts of open data, the public collection of CXR images is still relatively small for reliably training a deep neural network (DNN) to carry out COVID-19 prediction. To better address such inefficiency, we design a cascaded learning strategy to improve both the sensitivity and the specifici…
While many quantum computing techniques for machine learning have been proposed, their performance on real-world datasets remains to be studied. In this paper, we explore how a variational quantum circuit could be integrated into a classical neural network for the problem of detecting pneumonia from chest radiographs. We substitute one layer of a classical convolutional neural network with a variational quantum circuit to create a hybrid neural network. We train both networks on an image dataset containing chest radiographs and benchmark their performance. To mitigate the influence of differen…
Bauman Moscow State Technical University（鲍曼莫斯科国立技术大学）
The possibility of high-precision and rapid detection of pathologies on chest X-rays makes it possible to detect the development of pneumonia at an early stage and begin immediate treatment. Artificial intelligence can speed up and qualitatively improve the procedure of X-ray analysis and give recommendations to the doctor for additional consideration of suspicious images. The purpose of this study is to determine the best models and implementations of the transfer learning method in the binary classification problem in the presence of a small amount of training data. In this article, various …
School of Computing, University of Utah（犹他大学计算机学院）；NVIDIA Corporation（英伟达公司）；Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center（美国国立卫生研究院临床中心放射科与影像科学部）；National Institutes of Health Clinical Center（美国国立卫生研究院临床中心）；National Institutes of Health（美国国立卫生研究院）
Localization and characterization of diseases like pneumonia are primary steps in a clinical pipeline, facilitating detailed clinical diagnosis and subsequent treatment planning. Additionally, such location annotated datasets can provide a pathway for deep learning models to be used for downstream tasks. However, acquiring quality annotations is expensive on human resources and usually requires domain expertise. On the other hand, medical reports contain a plethora of information both about pneumonia characteristics and its location. In this paper, we propose a novel weakly-supervised attentio…
University of Saskatchewan（萨斯喀彻温大学）；International Road Dynamics（国际道路动力学公司）；National Institute of Technology, Trichy（特里奇国家理工学院）
One of the primary clinical observations for screening the infectious by the novel coronavirus is capturing a chest x-ray image. In most of the patients, a chest x-ray contains abnormalities, such as consolidation, which are the results of COVID-19 viral pneumonia. In this study, research is conducted on efficiently detecting imaging features of this type of pneumonia using deep convolutional neural networks in a large dataset. It is demonstrated that simple models, alongside the majority of pretrained networks in the literature, focus on irrelevant features for decision-making. In this paper,…
Iran University of Science and Technology（伊朗科技大学）；Sharif University of Technology（谢里夫理工大学）
In this paper, we have trained several deep convolutional networks with introduced training techniques for classifying X-ray images into three classes: normal, pneumonia, and COVID-19, based on two open-source datasets. Our data contains 180 X-ray images that belong to persons infected with COVID-19, and we attempted to apply methods to achieve the best possible results. In this research, we introduce some training techniques that help the network learn better when we have an unbalanced dataset (fewer cases of COVID-19 along with more cases from other classes). We also propose a neural network…
Because the infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) causes the pneumonia-like effect in the lungs, the examination of chest x-rays can help to diagnose the diseases. For automatic analysis of images, they are represented in machines by a set of semantic features. Deep Learning (DL) models are widely used to extract features from images. General deep features may not be appropriate to represent chest x-rays as they have a few semantic regions. Though the Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) based features are shown to be more appropriate for x-ray type of images, existing …
University of South Florida（南佛罗里达大学）；University of California, San Francisco（加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校）
Testing for COVID-19 has been unable to keep up with the demand. Further, the false negative rate is projected to be as high as 30% and test results can take some time to obtain. X-ray machines are widely available and provide images for diagnosis quickly. This paper explores how useful chest X-ray images can be in diagnosing COVID-19 disease. We have obtained 122 chest X-rays of COVID-19 and over 4,000 chest X-rays of viral and bacterial pneumonia. A pretrained deep convolutional neural network has been tuned on 102 COVID-19 cases and 102 other pneumonia cases in a 10-fold cross validation. T…
Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）；Communication University of Zhejiang（浙江传媒学院）；University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most destructive pandemic after millennium, forcing the world to tackle a health crisis. Automated lung infections classification using chest X-ray (CXR) images could strengthen diagnostic capability when handling COVID-19. However, classifying COVID-19 from pneumonia cases using CXR image is a difficult task because of shared spatial characteristics, high feature variation and contrast diversity between cases. Moreover, massive data collection is impractical for a newly emerged disease, which limited the performance of data thirsty deep learni…
The worldwide spread of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus poses an unprecedented challenge to the world's medical resources and prevention and control measures. Covid-19 attacks not only the lungs, making it difficult to breathe and life-threatening, but also the heart, kidneys, brain and other vital organs of the body, with possible sequela. At present, the detection of COVID-19 needs to be realized by the reverse transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). However, many countries are in the outbreak period of the epidemic, and the medical resources are very limited. They cannot p…
Translating Inference-Time Control to Radiology Vision-Language Models: Activation Steering for Pneumonia Classification on Chest X-rays
Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)（圣保罗联邦大学）；Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein（以色列阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医院）；Stanford University School of Medicine（斯坦福大学医学院）；DASA；University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW)（德克萨斯大学西南医学中心）；Eden
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally and caused serious damage. Chest X-ray images are widely used for COVID-19 diagnosis and the Artificial Intelligence method can increase efficiency and accuracy. In the Challenge of Chest XR COVID-19 detection in Ethics and Explainability for Responsible Data Science (EE-RDS) conference 2021, we proposed a method that combined Swin Transformer and Transformer in Transformer to classify chest X-ray images as three classes: COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Normal (healthy) and achieved 0.9475 accuracies on the test set.
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune（印度科学教育与研究学院浦那分校）；DeepTek Inc（DeepTek公司）
Deep learning semantic segmentation algorithms can localise abnormalities or opacities from chest radiographs. However, the task of collecting and annotating training data is expensive and requires expertise which remains a bottleneck for algorithm performance. We investigate the effect of image augmentations on reducing the requirement of labelled data in the semantic segmentation of chest X-rays for pneumonia detection. We train fully convolutional network models on subsets of different sizes from the total training data. We apply a different image augmentation while training each model and …
In the field of eXplainable AI (XAI), robust "blackbox" algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are known for making high prediction performance. However, the ability to explain and interpret these algorithms still require innovation in the understanding of influential and, more importantly, explainable features that directly or indirectly impact the performance of predictivity. A number of methods existing in literature focus on visualization techniques but the concepts of explainability and interpretability still require rigorous definition. In view of the above needs, this p…
University of Leeds（利兹大学）；Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust（利兹教学医院 NHS 信托基金）
Since the emergence of COVID-19, deep learning models have been developed to identify COVID-19 from chest X-rays. With little to no direct access to hospital data, the AI community relies heavily on public data comprising numerous data sources. Model performance results have been exceptional when training and testing on open-source data, surpassing the reported capabilities of AI in pneumonia-detection prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. In this study impactful models are trained on a widely used open-source data and tested on an external test set and a hospital dataset, for the task of classifyin…
Universidad de Granada（格拉纳达大学）；Universidad de Malaga（马拉加大学）
The ongoing crisis of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has changed the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 4 million people have died due to this disease, whereas there have been more than 180 million confirmed cases of COVID-19. The collapse of the health system in many countries has demonstrated the need of developing tools to automatize the diagnosis of the disease from medical imaging. Previous studies have used deep learning for this purpose. However, the performance of this alternative highly depends on the size of the dataset employed for training th…
